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biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nervous system ?

A

this is a specialised network of cells in the human body and is our primary communication system

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2
Q

what is the 2 things that the nervous system is broken down too ?

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

what is the central nervous system ?

A

it is where information is processed, interpretated and stored
then issued to the glands, muscles and organs

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4
Q

what is the central nervous system divided into ?

A

brain
spinal cord

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5
Q

what is the brain ?

A

centre of all are conscious awareness
- maintains life which is involved in higher functions and psychological processes

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6
Q

what is the spinal cord ?

A

the bridge between the brain and the PNS and it receives and transmits info to and from the brain
- a bundle of nerves that runs from you brain along a canal in your backbone

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7
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system ?

A

it transmits information to and from the CNS

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8
Q

what is the PNS further divided into ?

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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9
Q

what is the somatic nervous system ?

A

transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the CNS
- deals with external environment
-controls the skeletal muscles
-voluntary process as the conscious is required

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10
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system ?

A

controls the functions of organs and glands by transmitting info to and from internally
- the movement of non-skeletal muscles
- involuntary process ad conscious isn’t required

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11
Q

what could the ANS be sub divided into ?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
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12
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

prepares us for ‘flight or fight’
- mobilizes body for action and energy is an output
- increase body activities

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13
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

associated with functioning under relaxed conditions
- conserves the energy to maintain a quiet state
decrease body activities

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14
Q

what do nervous systems use to transmits signals for communication ?

A

nerve cells
- aka neurons

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15
Q

what doe the nerve cells communicate with each other through ?

A

electrical and chemical signals
- within the body and the brain

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16
Q

what are the 7 parts of a neuron ?

A

axon
axon terminal
dendrites
nucleus
cell body
node of ranvier
myelin sheath

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17
Q

what is the axons function ?

A
  • carry signals away from the cell body to the axon terminal to transmits electrical signals to other neurons, muscles, glands
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18
Q

what is the function of an axon terminal ?

A
  • transmit signals to other neurons
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19
Q

what is the function of a dendrite ?

A
  • receive information from neurons and then transmit it to the cell body
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20
Q

what is the function of the cell body ?

A
  • to maintain the cell and keep the neuron functioning efficiently
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21
Q

what is the function of nucleus ?

A
  • produce DNA
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22
Q

what is the function of a myelin sheath ?

A
  • it insulates 1 nerve cell from another
  • prevents the impulse of 1 neuron interfering with the impulse of another
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23
Q

what is the function of a node of ranvier ?

A
  • allows energy to flow through
  • as allows electrical activity and effectively depolarized
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24
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons ?

A

sensory
relay
motor

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25
Q

what is the function of a sensory neuron ?

A

carry sensory nerve impulses to the CNS
and then once it reaches the brain it turns the electrical impulse into ‘sensations’
- Found in the PNS

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26
Q

what is the structure of the sensory neuron ?

A
  • short axons
  • long dendrites
  • 1 axon that is split into 2 branches
  • afferent neuron
  • unipolar
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27
Q

what does it mean by ‘sensations’ for the sensory neuron ?

A

visions
hearing
taste
touch

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28
Q

what is a afferent neuron ?

A

moves away from a central organ or point

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29
Q

what is a unipolar neuron ?

A

only transmits messages

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30
Q

why do some sensory neurons stop at the spinal cord ?

A

as it allows for quick reflex

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31
Q

what is the function of a relay neuron ?

A

allows the sensory and motor neurons to communicate as connect various neurons with the CNS
- Found in sensory input and motor output and CNS

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32
Q

what is the structure of the relay neuron ?

A
  • long dendrites
  • long/short axons
  • 1 axon and several dendrites
  • multipolar
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33
Q

what is a multipolar neuron ?

A

both receives and sends messages from many sources

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34
Q

what is the function of a motor neuron ?

A

when stimulated it releases neurotransmitters that bind to the receptors to trigger a response
- Found in CNS
- controls muscle movement as response leads to movement
- carry signals away from CNS towards muscles

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35
Q

what is the structure of a motor neuron ?

A
  • short dendrites
  • long axon
  • 1 axon
  • several dendrites
  • efferent neuron
  • multipolar
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36
Q

what is a efferent neuron ?

A

moving towards a central organ or point

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37
Q

what is the interaction of the neurons to an action ?

A

stimulus
receptors
sensory neuron
relay neuron
motor neuron
effectors
response

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38
Q

what is the knee jerk reflex ?

A

-stimulus= hammer hitting the knee
- conveys message along SN
- reaches CNS and connects to RN
- transmits message to MN
- carries message to effector which is a muscle
- response= muscles contracting a knee jerk

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39
Q

what does the term synaptic transmission refer too ?

A

how the nervous system transmits information across a synaptic gap from one neuron to another

40
Q

what is the process of synaptic transmission ?

A
  • an electrical impulse travels down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron
  • this triggers calcium to be released and then the calcium triggers the vesicles to open
  • the vesicles release neurotransmitters
  • the neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft so it can bind onto the receptors on the post synaptic neuron
41
Q

what is there a process called reuptake in synaptic transmission ?

A

as not all neurotransmitters bind to the receptors

42
Q

what is the process of reuptake ?

A

-the neurotransmitters are broke down by the enzymes in the synaptic cleft
- then re-absorbed back into the vesicles ready to be used again

43
Q

what are the 2 effects in summation ?

A

inhibitory
excitatory

44
Q

what is the excitatory effect ?

A

‘excited’
they are positive neurotransmitters that bind to receptors
- make the neuron more likely to fire the electrical impulse

45
Q

what is the inhibitory effect ?

A

’ not excited’
- they have a negative charge on the neurotransmitters as don’t want to bind to the receptors
- makes the neurons less likely to fire the electrical impulse

46
Q

how can u tell if u have a more negative or positive charge on the post synaptic neurons ?

A

-you add the amount of excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters
- which has more tell us if it is positive or negative
I = -
e = +

47
Q

what is the endocrine system ?

A

the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate
- metabolism
- growth/ development
- tissue function
- sexual and reproductive function
- sleep/ mood

48
Q

what does the endocrine influence ?

A

almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies

49
Q

what are the 7 glands the endocrine system is made up of ?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • pancreas
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • thyroid gland
    -ovaries/ testicles
50
Q

what is the endocrine system in charge of ?

A

the slow processes within the body
- hormone is released into the blood stream

51
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

‘the MASTER’
-release hormones that control the endocrine system

52
Q

what is the problem if the pituitary gland isn’t regulated ?

A

it will release excess or not enough of the hormones

53
Q

what is the hormone in the pineal gland ?

A

melatonin

54
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland ?

A

to control how you sleep

55
Q

what is the problem if melatonin isn’t regulated ?

A

negative effect on mental health and sleep quality

56
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce ?

A

parathyroid

57
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid gland ?

A

to control calcium and mineral levels

58
Q

what is the problem if the parathyroid isn’t regulated ?

A

lead to hyperparathyroidism which leads to many issues
eg) =kidney stones

59
Q

what hormone does the pancreas release ?

A

insulin

60
Q

what is the function of the pancreas ?

A

-control blood sugar levels and regulate them
- produce enzymes to help digest food

61
Q

what is the problem if insulin isn’t regulated ?

A

diabetes—- type 1

62
Q

what is the hormones released by the thyroid gland ?

A

thyroxine

63
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland ?

A
  • control the body’s metabolism
  • regulate growth and maturity
64
Q

what is the problem if thyroxine isn’t regulated ?

A

the body’s cells work faster then normal and if too much released, it is called hypothyroidism

65
Q

what hormone does the adrenal glands release ?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline and glucorticoids

66
Q

what is the adrenal gland ?

A

it produces a variety of hormones and split into an inner and outer area

67
Q

what is the inner area of the adrenal gland ?

A

adrenal medulla

68
Q

what is the adrenal medulla ?

A

produces adrenaline in the ‘fight of flight’ response

69
Q

what is the outer area of the adrenal gland ?

A

adrenal cortex

70
Q

what is the adrenal cortex ?

A

it stimulates the release of glucose and supports the immune system
eg) hormone is several by their is gluocorticoids

71
Q

what is the problem if adrenal glands production isn’t regulated ?

A

Addison’s disease

72
Q

what are the types of gonads ?

A
  • ovaries
  • testicles
73
Q

what is the ovaries and testicles function ?

A

produce sex hormones which aids development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics

74
Q

what are the hormones released for the gonads ?

A

ovaries= oestrogen
testicles= testosterone

75
Q

what are the problems if the gonads hormones aren’t regulated ?

A

oestrogen= blood clots, strokes
testosterone= erectile dysfunction

76
Q

what does the sympathetic branch do in the ‘fight or flight’ response ?

A

activate internal organs in situations needing energy and arousal
- helps

77
Q

what does the parasympathetic branch do in the ‘fight of flight’ response ?

A
  • involved when the body is trying to conserve and store resources
  • monitors the relaxed state
  • promotes digestion
  • makes body back to equilibrium afterwards
78
Q

what hormone is released during the ‘fight or flight’ response ?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

79
Q

what 7 things happem immedailty when adrenaline and noradrenaline is released ?

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased breathing
  • glucose released
  • pupil dilation
  • reduced activity with digestion
  • mouth feels dry as saliva production inhibited
  • relaxation of bronchi in lungs
80
Q

what is the role of adrenaline ?

A

boosts oxygen
supply glucose
- helps the body respond to the stressor quickly by allowing it to stop the non-emergency process
- so all energy supplied are ready to fight the stressor which causes the ‘rush’

81
Q

what is localisation ?

A

the principle that specific functions have specific locations within the brain

82
Q

what is the frontal lobe function ?

A

the brain’s command centre, controlling cognition, personality, and motor skills

82
Q

what are the 4 lobes the cerebral cortex has ?

A
  • frontal
  • partial
  • temporal
  • occipital
83
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the frontal lobe ?

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • Broca’s area
  • primary motor cortex
84
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for ?

A

for executive functions to achieve a particular goal

85
Q

what are the 5 examples of the executive functions o the prefrontal cortex ?

A
  • problem solving
  • planning
  • decisions
  • working memory
  • self control
86
Q

what is the location of the prefrontal cortex ?

A

front of the frontal lobe

87
Q

what is the responsibility of Broca’s area ?

A

production of speech

88
Q

where is the location of Broca’s area ?

A

lower left side of the frontal lobe
- close to area that controls the mouth, tongue and vocal cords
- allocated on the left hemisphere

89
Q

what happens is Broca’s area gets damaged ?

A

understanding language and form sentences in their MINDS
but they cant communicate the thought through comprehensive speech

90
Q

what is the responsibility of the primary motor cortex ?

A

controls the bodies skeletal muscles to produce movement

91
Q

what are skeletal muscles ?

A

all bodies muscles
- does exclude smooth muscles in organs

92
Q

what are examples of skeletal muscles ?

A
  • hands
  • arms
  • feet
  • legs
93
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located ?

A

back of frontal lobe, both hemispheres of the brain have one
- both control one another’s side

94
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe ?

A

process vision from the eyes
- it is in charge of processing vision in the primary visual cortex

95
Q

where is the occipital lobe located ?

A

very back of the cerebral cortex

96
Q

what is the [pr

A

psychology (13 decks)

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