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Psychology Flashcards > Research Methods - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Research Methods - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

What the researcher is going to investigate

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

What the researcher thinks will happen

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3
Q

N u l l hypothesis

A

There is no relationship between variables

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4
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

There is a relationship between the variables

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5
Q

What does a hypothesis need to contain

A

One condition of the independent variable and one condition of the dependant variable

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6
Q

What type of experimental design needs the least number of participants for the same amount of data

A

Repeated measures

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7
Q

What type of experimental design is the most time-consuming

A

Matched pairs

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8
Q

What type of experimental design has order effects as a limitation

A

Repeated measures

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9
Q

What is random allocation

A

Refers to how experimenter’s divide and place participants into each experimental condition

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10
Q

Order effects

A

Order effects can occur when using a repeated measures design as a result of 1 participants taking part in both conditions the research I cannot see if it was a change in the independent variable that affected the dependant variable or if it was the order in which the participants did the conditions

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11
Q

Practise effect

A

Participants do better in the condition to because they practised in condition 1

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12
Q

Fatigue effect

A

Participants be worth in condition to because they are tired from condition one

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13
Q

What can be done to overcome order effects

A

Counterbalancing

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14
Q

What can be done to overcome order effects

A

Counterbalancing

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15
Q

Randomisation

A

Randomisation is the process of making something random random means having an equal chance of being selected the process is used to reduce the effects of researcher induced bias

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16
Q

Standardisation

A

Standardisation means insuring the everything within an experiment is kept consistent by keeping everything the same for all participants

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17
Q

Pilot study

A

A pilot study is a small scale study completed before a main study begins the aim of conducting a pilot study is to identify any Flaws and rectify them before conducting the main large-scale study this will ultimately save the research of time and money

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18
Q

Experiment

A

An experiment is an investigation where the independent variable is changed to see the effect on the dependant variable

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19
Q

Name the three types of experimental design

A

Repeated measures, matched pairs independent groups

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20
Q

What is a repeated measures design

A

Where participants take part in both conditions of the independent variable we compared the results of the dependant variable of the participant from both conditions

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21
Q

What are the positive aspects to a repeated measures design

A

Half the number of people needed compared to using an independent groups design. The participant are the same so you have no differences between people reduced participant variables.

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22
Q

What are the negative aspects to a repeated measures design

A

The order of conditions may affect performance. Order effects. By taking part in both conditions the participants may guess the aim of the study and so exhibit demand characteristics

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23
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Where participants change their behaviour to give the researcher the result they expect or to purposefully contradict their aim

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24
Q

What is an independent groups design

A

Participants are randomly allocated to one condition of the independent variable one group undergoes one condition and the other group undergoes the other we then compared the performance of two groups

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25
Q

What are the positive aspects of an independent group design

A

There are no order effects because people only take part in one condition. Often the same materials can be used for the other condition (save time and money so is practical). Participant cannot work out the aim of the study because they only take part in one condition so it reduces demand characteristics

26
Q

What are the negative aspects of an independent group design

A

The researcher cannot control the effects of participant variables (the individual differences between people for example intelligence. Participants in group a may have better memories than in group B. Double the amount of participants needed and repeated measures in order to end up with the same amount of data

27
Q

What is a matched pairs design

A

Participants are matched based on similarity or key characteristics (for example similar ages,, intelligence) believed to have an influence on the dependant variable. The characteristics must be relevant to the area of study. One of the pair is then randomly allocated to condition a and the other condition and undertake different conditions of the independent variable

28
Q

What are the positive aspects of a matched pairs design

A

Reduces the effect of participant variables. These are differences between people which may influence the dependant variable. Easier to cross compare results between individuals to see and assessed the impact of the independent variable.

29
Q

What are the negative aspects of a matched pairs design

A

Time-consuming to test participants and match them based on important characteristic related to the study. Difficult to reduce all participant variables. Matches are created based on what the research think will affect the dependant variable but participants may have differences unbeknown to the researcher than influence the dependant variable

30
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half the participants to one condition first and the other half do the other condition first then they swap. It is used to control for order effects in a repeated measures design

31
Q

What are the three types of experimental methods

A

Lab
Field
Natural

32
Q

What are the non experimental methods

A

Correlation
Obsevational
Self report
Case

33
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

Refers to a room designers specifically for the purpose of scientific investigation

34
Q

Positive aspects of a lab experiment

A

Standardised procedures
High level of control over variables
Easy to replicate

35
Q

Negative aspects of a lab experiment

A

Unrealistic
Low in ecological validity
Cannot be generalised
Participants may figure out the aim of the study and show demand characteristics

36
Q

What is a field experiment

A

The setting of the experiment takes a very interesting a real world situation for the participants. However there is still an IV that is being manipulatec by the researcher and it’s affect on the DV is measured

37
Q

What are the positive aspects of a field experiment

A

High ecological validity
Results can be generalised
Reduaced demand characteristics

38
Q

What are the negative aspects of a field experiment

A

Les control over extreanuous variablss caidual relationships difficult to establish
Replicstion is hard
Patience ence is required

39
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

The researcher takes advantage over a naturally occurring IV the changing IV would occour weather the researcher was present or not the DV is still measirexd

40
Q

Post I’ve aspects of natural experiments

A

High in ecological validity
Behavoiors can be a piece to real world situations
Reduaced demand characteristics

41
Q

What are the negative, aspects of a, natural experiment

A

Unable to reduaced the effects of extreanuous variables
Hard to establish casual relationships
Conditions cannot be replicstec
Low in reliablitlity
Cannot randomly allocate particpnets to conditions
sample bias

42
Q

Why were the names of the people who took part in psychological experiments changed from subjects to participants

A

To show respect
The term “subject” suggests that they are powerless and unhuman

43
Q

What is informed consent

A

Participants should, know, enough details about the study in order to give, permission to take part

44
Q

Deception

A

Lying to owple, and decidcing them about the aim of the, study

45
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Participants, should be given the right to withdraw themselves and their data from the study at any time

46
Q

Protection from harm

A

Participants should not be either physically or psycolologically harmed wine pearticipafing in research

47
Q

Debrifing

A

Participants should be told what the study was about before they leave this, is essential when you have, decieved participants

48
Q

Confidentiality

A

Meansckeepong personal information confidential and when writing reports keeping participants, data annonoymous

49
Q

Privacy

A

Psycolologists should not intride on participants, private life or space without their permission

50
Q

What are the 4 data types

A

Qualitatative
Quantitative
Positive
Negative

51
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Qualitative data is written or spoken it often describe something. It is not numerical but rich in detail and I include a reason as to why the behaviour occurred.

52
Q

What is quantitative data

A

This is numerical data it often relates to how much how far how many or how long it doesn’t include a reason or explanation for the numerical answer given

53
Q

Give an example of qualitative data

A

Answers given an interview, descriptions of an observation, explanations or opinions in a questionnaire.

54
Q

Give examples of quantitative data

A

Percentage of people who obeyed the number of items recalled how long participants rated for

55
Q

What is primary data

A

Any data that has been collected by the psychologist for the purpose of their own research or investigation it is of Direct relevance to their research aim and hypothesis

56
Q

What is secondary data

A

Data that was originally collected by someone other than the psychologists but the psychologist will use it for their own research purposes

57
Q

Give an example of primary data

A

From a questionnaire
Observations
Results from an experiment

58
Q

Give an example of secondary data

A

Official statistics (prime education health)
Results from another study
Documents Diaries newspapers

59
Q

What is a case study

A

An in-depth investigation into an individual or a group of people

60
Q

Name the 6 types of observational studies

A

Naturalistic, controlled, overt, covert, participant, non-participant

Psychology Flashcards (8 decks)

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