Perception - Paper 1 Flashcards
What is a monocular depth cue
A depth cue that needs only one eye in order to work
What is a binocular depth cue
A depth cue that needs both eyes to work
Name the 2 binocular depth cues
Retinal disparity and convergence
What is retinal disparity
The way that your left eye and your right eye view slightly different images so the retinal receives different information for each eye
What is convergence
When the eyes turn inward to look at an object that is close up
Name the four monocular depth cues
Height in plane, linear perspective, occlusion and relative size
What is height in plane
Objects that are higher in the visual field appear further away
What is relative size
Objects that appear smaller in the visual field are perceived as being further away
What is occlusion
Objects that are behind or obscured by other objects appear father away
Linear perspective
Lines that are parallel appear to get closer together and come together at a point in the distance
What is sensation
The physical process of collecting data from the environment via the senses
What is perception
The cognitive process of interpreting or
making sense of sensory information
that we receive. Experience builds our perception
What are the 5 types of perception
Auditory perception olfactory perception visual perception and gustatory perception
What is auditory perception
Hearing
What is olfactory perception
Smell
What is tactile perception
Touch
What is visual perception
Vision
What is gustatory perception
Taste
How does culture affected perception according to hudson
People from different cultures use different depths queues differently and have a different perceptual set
What are the four causes of a visual illusion
Missinterpreted depth queues ambiguity Size constancy
What are misinterpreted depth queues
Wrongly applying the rules of depth perception
What is ambiguity
When an image could equally well be One thing or another
What is fiction
Creating something that isn’t actually there To complete an image
What is size constancy
Keeping our perception of the size of An object the same Even when the information received by the eyes changes
What is perceptual set
Seeing or hearing things differently based on how we are feeling on that time
Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to misinterpreted depth cues
The müller lyer illusion and the ponzo illusion
Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to ambiguity
The neck a cube illusion and the rubin’s vase illusion
Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to fiction
The kaninza triangle illusion
Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to size constancy
Ames room illusion
what did gibsons direct theory of perception state
gibson stated that perception and sensation are actually the same thing He said that everything in our visual field gives us all the information we need to judge
depth, distance and movement without the need for past experiences.
what are the 3 main parts of gibsons theory
optic flow patterns, motion parallax and the infleuence of nature
what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about optic flow patterns
When we are moving towards a fixed point, it stays stationary while the rest of our view seems to rush by. This is known as an optic flow.
If our brain does not see this optic flow, it struggles to recognise we are moving.
what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about motion parallax
When we are moving, objects that are
closer to us in our visual field appear to be
moving faster than those that are further away from us.
For example, if you were in a car driving
past the dog, shed and tree you would
notice that the dog moves quicker than the
shed and the shed moves quicker than the trees.
what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about the influence of nature
We do not need to learn how to perceive the world around us, our abilities are innate.
The eye can detect very fine changes in light, texture, movement
and depth without the need for past experience.
This is why the baby wouldn’t crawl off the edge of the ‘cliff’ we are born with our perception.
what is an evaluative strength of gibsons direct theory of perception
One strength is that research provides good support for Gibson’s theory The visual cliff experiment shows that we do not need to learn how to perceive the world around us as they did not crawl off the edge. This is a strength because it shows that we do not always need to use past experience to perceive the world around us. The evidence supports Gibson’s idea that perception is innate
what is an evaluative weakness of gibsons direct theory of perception
One weakness is that perceptual errors are not easily explained by Gibson’s theory. Visual illusions are good examples of when our brain makes ‘perceptual errors’ and draws wrong conclusions about what we are looking at. This is a weakness because Gibson said there is no need for processing the information we
receive about size, shape and distance, yet evidence from illusions shows sensation and perception to be separate processes and therefore Gibson’s theory is limited as it cannot explain this.
what does gregory say about perception
gregory stated that we perceive based on past experiences
he said we make sense of the world around us by building our perceptions based partly on information and using what we know about the world
what is an evaluative strength of gregory’s theory of perception
there is research to support it
seagall et al. found that people in non-western cultures don’t fall for the muller-lyer illusion,they say both lines are the same length. This is a strength of the theory because it proves that our perception MUST be influenced by experience, otherwise everyone would fall for the visual illusion
what is an evaluative weakness of gregory’s theory of perception
there is research that contradicts it.
in the visual cliff experiment babies did not crawl over the cliff edge, showing that some elements of perception must be innate. this is a weakness of gregory’s theory because he believes that we learn perception, but if that were true the babies would have crawled over the cliff edge
which psychologist emphasises the role of nature in perceptual processes
gibson
which psychologist emphasises the role of nurture in perceptual processes
gregory
which psychologist sees sensation and perception as the same thing
gibson
which psychologist see sensation and perception as separate processes
gregory
which psychologist has difficulty explaining cultural differences in perception
gibson
which psychologist can explain cultural differences in perception
gregory
which psychologist’s model helps us understand the real world
gibson
which psychologist’s model helps us understand visual illusions
gregory
which psychologist can explain examples of innate perception
gibson
which psychologist has difficulty explaining examples of innate perception
gregory
what are the 4 factors that affect perception
1 culture
#2 emotion
#3 motivation
#4 expectation
What’s the aim of Hudson study on culture affecting perception
To see if people from different cultures interpret information and pictures differently using depth keys
What was the method of Hudson’s study on culture on affecting perception
He show 2D images to people from different educational background and ask them: what do you see? What is the man doing? What is closer to the man, the elephant or the antelope?
What were the results of Hudson study on culture affecting perception
Schools participants were more likely to perceive depth and unschooled participants white participants were more likely to perceive depth than black participants
What was the conclusion of Hudson study on culture affecting perception
Culture seems to play a role in our perception. Children who are schooled are used to 2D images whereas, unschool children are not
What is a negative evaluative point of Hudson study on culture affecting perception
People in the research may not have understood the instructions. For example the researcher used translators to tell people to draw an elephant however the translator may have changed the instructions without realising this is a weakness because these communication problems might have meant the instructions were unclear to the participants
What is a second negative value of point of Hudson study on culture affecting perception
The study was conducted a long time ago the research was conducted in 1960 which is almost 65 years ago this is a weakness because if the research was replicated today there might be different results due to further differences in culture
What was the aim of McGinnis study on emotion affecting perception
To see if emotions impact our perception by seeing if it takes us longer to say words that make us feel embarrassed
What was the method of McGinnis study on emotion affecting deception
16 students were shown several different words one flashed on the screen at a time and the participants were asked to read them out there were neutral words such as Apple or dance and there were taboo words such as penis or b**. The emotional arousal was measured using galvanactic skin response
What were the results of McGinnis study on emotion affecting perception
The participants took longer to recognize and say the taboo words and their emotional arousal was higher when reading the taboo words
What was the conclusion of mcginley’s study on emotion affecting perception
Emotion does affect our perceptual set the higher the anxiety the longer it takes us to perceive because our brain blacks out the information
Positive evaluative point of McKinney study on emotion affecting perception
A strength of this research is that it used an objective way of measuring arousal for example instead of asking the participants about their arousal they measured it using galvanactic skin response this is a strength because it means that arousal can be measured accurately instead of relying on the participants answers as they could lie
What is a negative value of point of McGinley study on emotion affecting perception
A weakness of this research is that it might not have measured arousal but embarrassment instead for example the participants may have taken longer to say the taboo words because they were embarrassed not because of their perception this is a weakness because the results might be inaccurate
What was the aim of Gilchrist and Nesburg study on motivation affecting perception
To see if food deprivation would make food appear brighter
What was the method of Gilchrist and nesberg’s study on motivation affecting perception
The study use two groups of people the first Group had 26 students who volunteered to go without food for 24 hours and the second group had participants who ate as normal they were shown four slides of the meal for about 15 seconds after each slide was shown the participant was asked to adjust the light on a new photo so it looked like the original
What were the results for Gilchrist and Nesburg study on motivation affecting perception
The food deprived participants adjusted the lighting so it was brighter than the original the others adjusted it similar to the first photo
What was the conclusion of Gilchrist and nesberg study on motivation affecting perception
Hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception being deprived of basic needs make a sensitive to food-related pictures making them appear brighter
What is a positive evaluative point of Gilchrist and nesburg study on motivation affecting perception
Similar studies have found similar results for example Stanford found that food deprived participants were more likely to see vague pictures as food this is a strength because the similar results increase the validity of this study
What is a negative value point of Gilchrist and nesburg’s study on motivation affecting perception
The study had two different groups of participants it might be that the food deprive participants perceive things differently whether they were food deprived or not this is a weakness because the results could be inaccurate
What is a negative value point of Gilchrist and nesburg’s study on motivation affecting perception
The study had two different groups of participants it might be that the food deprive participants perceive things differently whether they were food deprived or not this is a weakness because the results could be inaccurate
What was the aim of Bruner and minturn study on expectation affecting perception
To see whether expectation is an important Factor in Perception
What was the method of bruner and minturn study on expectation affecting perception
Showed participants and ambiguous figure the first group was shown the figure in between a and c and the second group will show in the figure in between 12 and 14 the figure could either be a letter B or 13
What were the results of Bruno and min-turns study on expectation affecting perception
The group that saw the figure in between a and c read it as a b and the group that saw the figure in between 12 and 14 Reddit as a 13
Was the conclusion of Bruno and Minton study on expectation affecting perception
Expectation is an important influence in Perception
What is a positive evaluative point of Bruno and Minton study on expectation affecting perception
Real life application for example in Bartlett’s war of the ghost study it explains why participants changed the story based on their expectations this is a strength because if we see it happening in real life it increases the validity of the theory
What is a negative evaluative point of Bruna and minterm study on expectation affecting perception
The research was conducted a long time ago 1955 was over 60 years ago so this is a weakness because we cannot say that the results would be similar if we repeated the research
