Neuropsycology - Paper 2 Flashcards
opposite to where the cerebellum is
where is the brain stem located
bottom of the brain
connects to the spinal cord
like the core in geography
where is the cerebellum located
top of the spinal cord
like the mantle in geography
where is the thalmus located
middle/deep inside the brain
like the crustin geography
where is the cortex located
along the outer covering of the brain
subconsious action
what is the function of the brain stem
breathing, heart rate,sleeping
walking
what is the function of the cerebellum
movement and balance
senses
what is the function of the thalmus
sensory processing
moving
what is the function of the cortex
cognition
memory
what is the funtion of the frontal lobe
controls thought, memory, problem-solving, planning.
front
what is the function of the perital lobe
at the front is the somatosensory area
hearing
what is the function of the temporal lobe
includes the auditory area and wernickes area
occipital = vision
what is the function of the occipital lobe
includes the visual area
specific
what is localisation of function
functions of the brain specifically coming from one location
deliberate
what is the function of the motor area
controls deliberate movement using motor neurons to send signals to the muscles
touch
what is the function of the somatosensory area
responsible for touch. the more sensitive part of the body is the larger the amount of the somatosensory cortex it will involve
visual = eyes
what is the function of the visual area
each eye sends visual information to the visual areas on each aide of the brain
autitory = ears
what is the function of the auditory area
recieves information from the ears
speaking
what is the function of brocas area
responsible for speech production
speaking
what is the function of wernickes area
involved in language processing/comprehension
stimulation
what was the aim of penfields study of the interprative cortex
to identify the psychological consequence of stimulating various parts of the temporal cortex using the montreal procedure
think about elecricity
what was the method of penfields study of the interprative cortex
gentle electrical stimulation to different areas of the cortex
then asked the patients to describe what they felt. he sometiimes used the placebo effect and told the atenits that he was stimulating the brain when he wasnt
what were the results of penfields study of the interpetive cortex
when each lobe is stimulated patients experienced different emotions but matched accordingly to the lobe that is stimulated
localisation of function
what is the conclusion for penfields study of the interprative cortex
when different areas of the brain are stimulated responses are relative to the love that is stimulated and there was evidence of localisation of function
enrgy and strengh
what is fight VS flight response
allows you to gain enough enrgy and strenth to deal with a life or death situation
fight or flight
what was the james lange theory of emotion
event - arousal - interpretation - emotion
think about a relay race
what are the 3 types of neurons
- sensory neurons
- relay neurons
*motor neurons
like when you recieve a baton in a relaly race
what is a sensory neuron
carry information from the sense organs to the cental nervous system
when you get the initative to run when you get the baton in a relay race
what is a relay neuron
found in the cental nervous system they pass messages to each otherand make millions of connections with each other
when you actually start running in a relay race
what is a motor neuron
stimulate muscles for movement,send signals from the brain to the muscles
the process when each neuron communicates
what is synaptic transmission
when neurons pass messages to other neurons or muscles by releasing chemicals known as neuro transmitters to the tiny gaps in the dendrites
what is exitation
when the recieving neuron is more likley to generate an electrical impulse
INhibition keeps the neuron IN
what is inhibition
synapes make the neuron less likely to fire
what is reputake
the receptor size is releaed back into the synapse
neuronal growth
what was hebbs theory of learing
hebb suggested that if a neuron repeatedly exites another neuron neuronal growth occours and the synaptic knob becomes larger
in terms of neurology what happens when we learn things
the nurons in the brain become exited and get larger. they create new pathways in the brain whnever new information is lernt. these pathways are cakked cell asselblies they allow recall to happen. when a task/information is repeted the cell assemblies /pathways get stronger
what is a CT scan
shows damaged areas such as tumors and blood clots, good image quality
what PET scan
useful for showing damaged areas and blockages
what is an fMRI scan
quick to carry out, no radioactivity risk
what was the aim of tulvings gold memory study
to explore connetions between types of memory and brain activity
what was the method of tulvings gold memory study
6 people were injected with a mildly reactive gold isotope the movement of the particles was measured with a PET scan the study compared episodic and semantic menory.
what were the results of tulvings gold memory study
3 people were dropped from the study duee to inconsistent results. however the remaining 3 showed clear differences in blood flow patterns between episodic and semantic memories
what was the conclusion of tulvings gold memory study
proves localistion of funtion because semantic and episodic memories produce activity in different areas of the brain
SODA
what are 2 evaluative points for the James-Lange theory
- opposing research
- different theories
evidence for opposing research for the James-Lange theory
according to James-Lange physiological responses should be necessary to experience emotion but researchers have shown that people with muscle paralysis and lack of sensation can still experience emotion
what is the evidence for the different theories of the James-Lange theory
the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotional responses occour too quickly to be products of physical states when you encounter danger you will often encounter danger
what is the link for opposing research for the James-Lange theory
this research decreases the validity of the James-Lange theory of emotion.
what is the link for the different theories of the James-Lange theory
the other explanation is better because it explains things which James-Lange cannot which reduces the validity of the theory
what are the 2 evaluative points for Hebbs theory of learning
- the theory has a scientific basis
- the theory is reductionist
what is the evidence for the scientific basis of Hebbs theory
Although it was developed in the 1950’s, it has been supported by more recent research and advances in neuroscience.
what is the evidence for Hebbs theory being reductionist
it attempts to explain the complex area of learning by referring mainly to just the area of activity in the brain.
what is the link for the scientific basis of Hebbs theory
this research increases the validity of Hebb’s theory of learning. It is particularly strong supporting evidence because evidence from neuroscience is very scientific as it is highly objective
what is the link for Hebbs theory being reductionist
Hebb’s theory may not explain learning fully. To be a more complete theory, it should include some discussion of all the other factors involved in learning.
what are the 4 evaluative points for Tulving’s gold study
- study has a limited sample
- study has real life applications
- study has good methology
- study has poor control
what is the evidence for tulvings study having a limited sample
only 3 participents had consistent results
what is the evidence for tulvings study having real life applications
The study was one of the first to use brain scans to study cognitive processes in the living brain.
what is the evidence for tulvings study having good methology
Tulving’s study used scientific methods and produced objective, unbiased findings.
what us the evidence fo tulvings study having poor control
It’s not possible to make sure that the participants only thought about what they were asked to.
what was the link for the limited sample of tulvings study
results are harder to generalise
what was the link for tulvings study having real life applications
the results are useful in a real life context
what was the link for tulvings study having good methology
the results are more valid
what was the link for tulvings study having poor control
this makes the results less valid
what are the 3 evaluative points for penfields study
- the research has benefited neuroscience greatly
- there is contradicting research
- the sample was unrepresentative
what is the evidence for penfields study benifiting neuroscience
Penfield was able to pinpoint exact
brain locations for certain processes.
what is the evidence for pendfields study having contradicting research
Penfield replicated his experiment but this
time only 7% of participants reported reliving an experience when their temporal lobe was stimulated.
what was the link for penfields study benifiting neuroscience
neuroscience has developed
considerably because of Penfield’s work.
what is the evidence for penfields study being unrepresentative
all of the participents had epilepsy
what was the link for the contradicting research of penfields study
there are inconsistent findings in this area and therefore the research lacks reliability.
what is the link for penfields study having an unrepresentative sample
we can’t generalise the results to people who don’t have epilepsy as their brains might work differently
