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Psychology Flashcards > Memory - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Memory - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define recency effect

A

Remembering items that come at the end of the list best

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2
Q

What is the primary effect

A

You remember things at the start of the list best

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3
Q

What is the serial reposition curve

A

Depending on the position of the word in the list infleuences if it will be remembered

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4
Q

What was the aim of Murdoch’s study

A

To work out how much participants would remember based on the position of the word in a list

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5
Q

What was the aim of Bartlett’s war of the Ghosts study

A

To investigate how memory for an unfamiliar story is affected by cultural expectations and to see how memory is reconstructed

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6
Q

Who proposed the theory of reconstructive memory

A

Bartlett

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7
Q

What was the method of Bartlett’s war of the ghost study

A

Showing participants and unfamiliar story then asking them to recall it around 15 minutes later he then showed the new version to another student and asked him to record a short time later he then repeated it with further participants

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8
Q

What were the results of Bartlett’s war of the ghost study

A

He found that participants remembered the key themes in the story however the story was shortened when it was retold and some parts were forgotten they were found to have altered the story to make it fit into their own experiences and Culture

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9
Q

What did Bartlett find present in his war of the Ghosts study

A

The primary and recency effect

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10
Q

What is reconstructive memory

A

Reconstructive memory is a theory proposed by bartlett he thought that memory was not just a stored copy of facts he thought instead in chain we change our memories to fit in with what we already know however we think we are remembering exactly what happened

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11
Q

What is effort after meaning

A

In the war of the ghost study Bartlett discovered memory is not always accurate he said memory is an active process that involves effort after meaning this means we make something unfamiliar make sense we tried to fit what we remember with what we already know and understand about the world

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12
Q

Interference

A

When two memories compete with one another one memory may prevent us from accessing another

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13
Q

What was the aim of MC geoch and McDonald’s study

A

To test if learning two lists of words makes for calling the first list of words harder does it matter what the second task is the study is aim to see what the second activity has on the accuracy of memory

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14
Q

What were MC geoch and McDonald testing for in their study

A

Interference

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15
Q

What was the method of MC geoch McDonald’s study

A

12 participants how to learn a list of 10 words until they cover remember them with 100% accuracy they will then told memorize a new list a short while later they were told to record the first list of words

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16
Q

Results of mc geoch and McDonald’s study

A

When the participants were then asked to record the original list of words their performance depended on the nature of the second list the most similar material produced the least accurate recall

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17
Q

Define encoding

A

When information comes into a memory it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with so that it can be stored

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18
Q

Define storage

A

Holding information in the memory system for use at some point in the future

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19
Q

Define retrieval

A

This refers to recalling information out of storage

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20
Q

Define visual encoding

A

Memories that are stored visually for example being asked to count the windows on your house

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21
Q

Define acoustic encoding

A

Some memories are stored in terms of what they sound like for example your favourite song

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22
Q

Define recognition

A

Retrieving information whilst being given options to choose from

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23
Q

Define free recall

A

Remember is something without being prompted

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24
Q

Define queued recall

A

Remembering something after being given a hint or being prompted to know the answer

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25
Q

What type of coding is there in the sensory register

A

Sense specific

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26
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register

A

Very large

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27
Q

What’s the duration of storage in the sensory register

A

Less than 1 second

28
Q

What type of coding is there in the short term memory

A

Acoustic

29
Q

What is the capacity of the short-term memory

A

7 + - 2

30
Q

What’s the duration of the storage in the short-term memory

A

Up to 30 seconds

31
Q

What type of coding is there in the long-term memory

A

Semantic

32
Q

What is the capacity of the long-term memory

A

Unlimited

33
Q

What’s the duration of the storage in the long-term memory

A

A lifetime

34
Q

What is a false memory

A

When you remember something that hasn’t actually happened

35
Q

What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer’s study

A

To see a false memories could be created

36
Q

What was the method of Loftus and Palmer’s study

A

Each participant was asked to recall each story and then write down what they remembered about each event

37
Q

What is context

A

Contacts is the situation in which something happens context can act as a cuter report information which makes memory more accurate

38
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Memory of your own experiences they are personal to you and are time stamped

39
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Memory of facts and meaning like an encyclopedia not personal to you

40
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory of complex skilled muscle memory these are often hard to explain

41
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

a representation of how memory works. it describes how information moves from one store to another.

42
Q

what does the multi store model of memory state?

A

states that there are different memory stores that are completely independant to one another

43
Q

what is an evaluated strength of the multi store model of memory

A

there are supporting studies
a case study on a boy with epilepsy who underwent brain surgery. the procedure went wrong and he became unable to form new memories. he could not store information in the LTM nor could he access memories in the LTM. This supports the multi store model because it shows that the two stores are different otherwise they both would have been damaged

44
Q

what is an evaluated weakness of the multi store model of memory

A

fails to explain how we manipulate information in our STM. other researchers have come up with new theories such as the WMM. this states that information in our STM is directed to other systems in order to be manipulated. The MSM cannot explain this therefore making it a weakness of the theory

45
Q

what was the aim of baddley’s study of encoding

A

to see how information is coded in the STM and the LTM

46
Q

what was the method of baddley’s study of encoding

A

gave participents a list of words to remember
* 1: words acoustically similar
* 2: words acoustically dissimilar
* 3: words semantically similar
* 4: words semantically dissimilar
participents were shown the lists of words and asked to recall them once from the STM and once from the LTM in the correct order

47
Q

what were the results of baddley’s study of encoding

A

when asked to recall words from the STM performance was worse with words acoustically similar. when asked to recall from LTM performance was worse with words semantically similar

48
Q

what was the conclusion for baddley’s study of encoding

A

Information is encoded acoustically in the STM and semantically in the LTM

49
Q

what is a negative evaluative point for baddley’s study of encoding

A

not genralisable : we cannot say for sure that the wider population would act in the same way because baddley used students therefore the results cannot be applied to everyday life

50
Q

what is a positive evaluative point for baddley’s study of encoding

A

reduced order effects because participents only took part in one condidtion of the IV there is also a reduced chance of demand characteristics because it is unlikely that the participents will be able to guess the aim of the study

51
Q

what was the aim of murdocks study

A

to see if the position of a word in a list affects its chance of being remembered

52
Q

what the method for murdocks study

A

103 participents were tested on 20 word lists each containing 10-40 words. all words were different. participents were asked to recall the words

53
Q

what were the results for murdocks study

A

words at the start and end of the list were remembered the best - primary and recency effect

54
Q

what is the first negative evaluative point for murdocks study

A

not genralisable : we cannot say for sure that the wider population would act in the same way because murdock used students therefore the results cannot be applied to everyday life

55
Q

what was the second negative evaluative point for murdocks study

A

unreliable - participents took part in several tests meaning order effects such as the fatigue effect will be present. this leads to inaccurate results because there is a higher chance that participents will work out the aim of the study therefore demonstrating demand characteristics

56
Q

what is the first negative evaluative point for bartlets war of the ghosts study

A

not genralisable : we cannot say for sure that the wider population would act in the same way because bartlett used students therefore the results cannot be applied to everyday life

57
Q

what was the second negative evaluative point for bartlets war of the ghosts study

A

unreliable - participents took part in several tests meaning order effects such as the fatigue effect will be present. this leads to inaccurate results because there is a higher chance that participents will work out the aim of the study therefore demonstrating demand characteristics

58
Q

what is one positive evaluative point for the theory of reconstructive memory

A

wide range of supporting evidence E.G WOTG has found that people do reconstruct memories based on what they think should have/ could have happened

59
Q

what is one negative evaluative point for the theory of reconstructive memory

A

has limitations beciase it explains how memories change but fails to explain how the memories are stored and retrieved, the MSM however does explain these basic memory processes

60
Q

what is one positive evaluative point for Mc Geoch and Mc Donalds study

A

supporting evidence - there has been more research into interference supporting this study. it has application in court as eye witnesses testimonies are not taken as 100% accurate because there is a possibility of the memory being interfered with other memories.

61
Q

what is one negaitve evaluative point for Mc Geoch and Mc donalds study

A

order effects - study used repeated measures design as participents took part in all conditions this could lead to order effects making the results innaccurate

62
Q

what were the results of loftus and palmers study

A

25% of participents recalled the false story

63
Q

what was the conclusion for loftus and palmers study

A

research suggests that just imagining an event has the potential to create and implant a false memory

64
Q

what is one negative evaluative point for loftus and palmers study

A

not generalisable - study used 21 females and only 3 males meaning that it cannot accurately be generalised to males

65
Q

what is one positive evaluative point for loftus and palmers study

A

research into false memories has infleuenced the court system in the UK as eye witness reports are not primarily used anymore. this shows how useful the research is

66
Q
A

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