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m3dworthy > RESEARCH METHODS- in Psychopathology > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODS- in Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Demographics of a Disorder

A

Prevalence
Lifetime prevalence
Gender distribution
Age of onset

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2
Q

Prevalence =

A

no. of people with a diagnosis at one particular time

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3
Q

Why are demographics useful?

A

Identifies trends of disorders on a larger scale (global)
Identifies cross-cultural differences
Identifies potential risks
Helps with allocation of resources

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4
Q

What are limitations of demographics?

A

Purely correlational- cannot make conclusions about causation
Too broad
Unrepresentative sample

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5
Q

Why are questionnaire samples used?

A

to find VALID measures of symptoms

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6
Q

If a questionnaire has validity it…

A

is testing what it is intending on testing

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7
Q

Questionnaires can also be used to find out…. ?

A

To find out how different disorders may relate/ symptoms overlapping

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8
Q

What is the Dimensional Theory of Disorders?

A

= idea that psychological disorders lie on a continuum
& that everyone is placed somewhere on it, with thresholds

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9
Q

What is Phenomenology?

A

= Study of personal experiences

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10
Q

What techniques are used in phenomenology?

A

Structured interviews
- Allows to get as much detailed info. as possible from patient

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11
Q

LIMITATION OF PHENOMENOLOGY:

A

Time consuming
- takes time to recruit/collect data
- analyse it
- & credibility checks between researchers also

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12
Q

STRENGTHS OF PHENOMENOLOGY:

A

Helps examine areas with little previous research
Helps with picking up info. that falls through gaps of questionnaires
Helps with getting wider picture of their experiences/understanding their quality of life

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13
Q

Purpose of retrospective questionnaires?

A

To see if NEGATIVE things in their past, have led to onset of disorder

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14
Q

LIMITATIONS OF RETROSPECTIVE QUESTIONNAIRES

A

Memory is unreliable
- memory bias
- memory for negative events may have been suppressed
- possibility of false memories

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15
Q

Evidence of false memories?

A

‘Did you meet Bugs Bunny at Disneyland?’ Study
Many said Yes.
Because they had seen advertising, making them believe they had!

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16
Q

Purpose of experimental approaches=

A

To experimentally manipulate a variable in a controlled environment to see if a variable has a causal effect on a psychological disorder

17
Q

What were Webb&Davey’s aim in their 1993 experiment?

A

= to see if disgust was involved in people’s fears of animals

18
Q

What did Webb&Davey find in their disgust study?

A

Fear increased following disgust-induction to certain animals

19
Q

When unable to access clinical samples, but want sample similar we can use __ sample?

A

Analogue

20
Q

What are analogue samples?

A

= these are non-clinical individuals with HIGH levels of disorder symptoms, but not over the clinical threshold

21
Q

Purpose of twin studies?

A

= to find correlation between pairs of MZ & DZ twins

22
Q

What % genes do twins share?

A

MZ= 100%
DZ= 50%

23
Q

Definition of heritability=

A

= how much variance of a trait is due to inherited genetics

24
Q

When is a disorder genetic?

A

When trait differed between DZ twins, and not in MZ twins

25
Q

Purpose of genetic association studies=

A

= to look for similarities/differences between disease status & genetic variation

26
Q

Purpose of post mortems=

A

= to study abnormalities in patient’s brains AFTER death

27
Q

Purpose of brain-imaging studies=

A

= to study how active certain brain regions are at rest/during tasks

28
Q

Examples of brain-imaging methods:

A

fMRIs
EEGs
MRIs
PET scans

29
Q

What did Reiss find in 2016?

A

= he found people with Schizophrenia showed lower levels of activity in striatum than control ps. during learning task

30
Q

Purpose of animal models=

A

=to study hypothesis using animals, rather than humans

31
Q

Example of animal study by which researchers?

A

J.T. Andraesen & Redrobe (2009)
- found that nicotine may enhance antidepressant action
- used mice

32
Q

What are randomised control trials?

A

= Compares groups who are randomly allocated to either treatment/no treatment condition

m3dworthy (10 decks)

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