Cognitive perspectives Flashcards
Cognition can either be __ or __ ?
automatic OR effortful
Define cognitive perspective=
= How cognitivists would explain it
Define cognitive features=
= symptoms related to cognition
5 cognitive features of psychopathologies are?
Depression
Schizophrenia
Anxiety
PTSD
OCD
5 features of depression are?
Motivational
Behavioural
Physical
Cognitive
Emotional
Emotional =
(feature of depression)
- deep sadness/misery/ verge of tears
- loss sense of humour
- anxiety
Motivational
(feature of depression)
- loss of interest in all previous hobbies
- lack of initiative/social withdrawal
Behavioural
(feature of depression)
- decreased energy- stay in bed etc.
- slowness in speech
- slow in general behaviour
Cognitive
(feature of depression)
- negative view on self,world&future
- general pessimism
- worthlessness/shame/guilt
Physical
(feature of depression)
- hyper/insomnia
- headaches/migraines/dizziness
What is MDD?
= Major Depressive Disorder
According to DSM5, what comes under criteria to be diagnosed with MDD?
5 or more symptoms over 2 week period
At least one symptom being= depressed mood/loss of interest
What is the ‘Vicious cycle’ in terms of Depression?
= All features feed into eachother
- negative triad feeds into negative schema, which feeds into our negative behaviour which therefore feeds into negative view of future.
Define rumination:
= idea/habit of thinking a lot
What is the word that links Depression & Creativity?
Rumination
4 types of anxiety disorder?
Generalised anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Specific phobia disorders
Which 2 researchers identified ‘catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations’ ??
Clark & Beck
What is a phobia?
= extreme, irrational fear of a specific object/situation
What is a key role in reinforcing a phobia?
= Avoidance
Avoiding the feared object is rewarding, therefore avoidance is repeated
Are causes for phobias prominent or hidden?
= Prominent !!
What % of all phobia patients have agoraphobia?
= 60%
Trypophobia is the fear of ___ ??
= fear of small holes
Pogonophobia is the fear of ___??
= fear of beards
The behavioural element of a phobia means that???
= means that anything can become a phobia through association if it interferes with everyday functioning
What is PTSD?
= Anxiety disorder in response to extreme physical trauma outside of normal human experience
What was PTSD first known as after WW1?
= ‘shell shock’
5 symptoms in DSM5 that diagnose PTSD??
Presence of intrusion- in memories/dreams
Persistent avoidance of stimuli of trauma
Alterations in arousal- sleep disturbance/irritated
Exposure to specific traumatic event
What are the 2 memory systems in the dual representation theory of PTSD??
VAM- verbally accessible memory system
SAM- situationally accessible memory system
3 outcomes of dual representation
- completion/integration
- chronic emotional processing- ongoing trauma
- premature inhibition of processing
According to DSM5 what 3 symptoms have to be present in diagnosis of Schizophrenia?
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
2 types of hallucinations are??
= auditory & visual
What are delusions??
= misinterpretation of perceptions/experiences where patients often believe something else is responsible for their thoughts
What % of psychotic hospitalised patients have Schizophrenia??
= 75%
5 types of delusion are?
- persecution- being spied on
- grandeur- belief of having power
- control- belief external forces have control
- reference
- nihilistic- aspect of themselves has ceased to exist
3 attentional processes in Schizophrenia are??
- sustained attention
- selective attention
- divided attention
Freeman’s (2002) 4 factors of emergence of delusions are??
- anomalous experience
- anxiety/depression/worry
- reasoning bias
- social factors
OCD is made up of ___ & ___
Obsessions & compulsions
What are obsessions?
= intrusive, repetitive thoughts/urges
- in the MIND
What are compulsions?
= repetitive BEHAVIOURS
- physical
- performed to decrease the distress caused by obsessions
Who identified the cognitive model of obsessions?
Salkovski (1985)
What is the cognitive model of obsessions?
= obsessions are result of a misinterpretation of negative thoughts
