Research Methods - HLP6535

Question 1

____________ is a study, theory, or science of being, of that which exists

a.) ontology
b.) epistemology

Answer 1

a.) ontology

Question 2

Some examples of ___________ include “Does God exist?” and “What is disease, and its characteristics in medicine?”

a.) ontology
b.) epistemology

Answer 2

a.) ontology

Question 3

__________ is the study of knowledge.

a.) ontology
b.) epistemology

Answer 3

b.) epistemology

Question 4

Some examples of _____________ include “What do people know?” and “How do we know what we know?”

a.) ontology
b.) epistemology

Answer 4

b.) epistemology

Question 5

_______________ is based on observable, measurable facts to measure a pair of variables and then determine relationships.

a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism

Answer 5

a.) positivism

Question 6

__________ is using the voices and interpretations of informants, rather than direct measurement.

a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism

Answer 6

c.) interpretivism

Question 7

___________ is learning with and about subjects, rather than assuming a testing role like in hypothesis-driven research.

a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism

Answer 7

b.) post-positivism

Question 8

_____________ is hypothesis and explanation from theory/literature leads to gathering data to test the research question.

a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive

Answer 8

c.) deductive

Question 9

__________ is gathering data leads to analyzing to develop a theory, model or explanation

a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive

Answer 9

d.) inductive

Question 10

True or False: the mixed method approach is detrimental to the credibility of research findings, as it is less comprehensive than any single research approach.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

A researcher in the Sociology dept. is asking subjects why they scratch their face or twirl their hair while they talk. The same researcher analyzes the responses and comes up with a conclusion. What type of study can this be classified as?

a.) positivism
b.) interpretivism
c.) daoism
d.) empiricalism
e.) idealism

Answer 11

b.) interpretivism

Question 12

Which of the following situations would you think could lead to an important ethical dilemma if the information was made public?

a.) question asking if a patient has one or more children
b.) question asking for previous employment history
c.) question asking if a patient has taken medication for heart disease
d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members
e.) question asking subject’s biological sex

Answer 12

d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members

Question 13

True or False: The problem with equipoise is that it only applies to medical personnel who have taken an oath to “do no harm” to their patients.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False: surveys conducted on campus by students do not have to be evaluated for ethical issues by the IHRRB.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Cold, cool, temperate, warm and hot are examples of…

a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data

Answer 15

c.) ordinal data

Question 16

If X is nominal and Y is continuous, the correct type of graphical display is…

a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies

Answer 16

a.) bar graph

Question 17

If X and Y are both continuous, the correct type of graphical display is…

a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies

Answer 17

b.) scatter plot with regression

Question 18

If X is nominal and Y is ordinal, the correct type of graphical display is…

a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies

Answer 18

d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies

Question 19

If X and Y are both nominal, the correct type of graphical display is…

a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies

Answer 19

c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant

Question 20

When expressing populations of data that are important for the reader to understand the expected span of a normal distribution, such as age in a clinical study, you would either use a ________ or _________ to illustrate the variance of the sample.

a.) SD and SEM
b.) SD and 95% CI
c.) SEM and 25-75% Quartile
d.) SEM and SEE

Answer 20

b.) SD and 95% CI

Question 21

How would you focus a PUBMED search with a search for a publication from a specific region or institution?

a.) xxxxx [AD]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
c.) xxxxx [TA]

Answer 21

a.) xxxxx [AD]

Question 22

__________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the investigator and the subjects.

a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization

Answer 22

a.) double blinded

Question 23

________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the subjects.

a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization

Answer 23

b.) single blinded

Question 24

__________ is when subjects are divided into categories prior to randomization into treated and untreated groups.

a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization

Answer 24

d.) stratified randomization

Question 25

What does the Borg scale measure?

a.) rate of force production
b.) rating of endurance capability
c.) rating of perceived exertion
d.) rating of fatigue

Answer 25

c.) rating of perceived exertion

Question 26

What is the most desirable way of handling outliers?

a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified

Answer 26

a.) do not remove any outliers

Question 27

What is the least desirable way of handling outliers?

a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified

Answer 27

c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.

Question 28

True or False: a spurious link is a connection that should not exist in a real system, but is mistakenly recovered in the process of network inference from data.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

______________ is taking the point of view of the people being studied.

a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective

Answer 29

a.) emic perspective

Question 30

____________ is the researcher’s perspective.

a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective

Answer 30

b.) etic perspective

Question 31

The axes of a histogram used to evaluate distribution is…

a.) Y = frequency in bins, X = magnitude
b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency

Answer 31

b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency

Question 32

__________ refers to the consistency of the results obtained.

a.) reliability
b.) validity

Answer 32

a.) reliability

Question 33

____________ refers to the initial assessment from an expert’s point of view.

a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity

Answer 33

b.) content validity

Question 34

__________ determines if your method appears appropriate to measure what you want it to measure at first glance.

a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity

Answer 34

a.) face validity

Question 35

____________ determines if your data correlates with other measures.

a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity

Answer 35

d.) construct validity

Question 36

___________ examines the appropriateness of the methodological choices made by the researcher.

a.) reliability
b.) rigour
c.) credibility
d.) authenticity

Answer 36

b.) rigour

Question 37

____________ is where groups are randomly selected, rather than individuals.

a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling

Answer 37

b.) cluster sampling

Question 38

___________ involves selecting ever Kth case - for example, taking every 4th name from a list.

a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling

Answer 38

c.) systematic sampling

Question 39

True or False: triangulation is the use of multiple means of data collection to explore a single phenomenon.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

You are doing a study to determine if individuals who drink alcohol are more likely to die at an earlier age than individuals who do not consume alcohol. You conclude that alcohol intake is a major risk factor for early death. What possible challenges to validity of this conclusion can you envision?

a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.
b.) individuals who do not consume alcohol may eat a healthier diet and have a lower weight, which could lead to a longer life.
c.) individuals who consume alcohol may be more prone to depression or anxiety, which may lead to stress-related illness.

Answer 40

a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.

Question 41

You have developed an interest in what makes teams successful competitors. You decide to compare basketball teams that have made it far into the NCAA tournament even without highly recruited talent. You hypothesize that the reason they are successful is their willingness to work as a team. You recruit the coaches and former team members of 16 teams that you categorized as top contenders. Which experimental approach is best to develop this project?

a.) take a simply inventory of attitudes, motivations and relationships between players and align these with the view of the coaches.
b.) do an initial unstructured interview with players and coaches of both types of teams and quantify their feelings towards each other
c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches
d.) use a projective technique that asks the subjects to complete sentences such as “my confidence level…”

Answer 41

c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches

Question 42

Which of the following is correct regarding the Borg scale?

a.) it is a mechanism of providing an output as a number, based on verbal cues of the patient’s sensation
b.) it can be used for evaluating the sensation of shortness of breath or effort in patients during exercise
c.) it is a valid method of predicting physiologic effort during differing modes of exercise
d.) all of the above

Answer 42

d.) all of the above

Question 43

______________ describes a particular phenomenon, focusing on what has happened or how much has happened (not the “why”).

a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research

Answer 43

a.) descriptive research

Question 44

______________ supports development of new ideas through data collection.

a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research

Answer 44

d.) empirical research

Question 45

____________ is involved in explaining why something happens, assessing causal relations between variables.

a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research

Answer 45

b.) explanatory research

Question 46

____________ typically uses findings from existing works to develop new insights, theories and explanations.

a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research

Answer 46

c.) theoretical research

Question 47

____________ attempts to gain familiarity with relevant concepts, seeking patterns and ideas from data without preconceived ideas or explanations.

a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research

Answer 47

e.) exploratory research

Question 48

True or False: within the research process, it is important to disseminate the findings before drawing conclusions, because the public’s feedback and perspective on the data are necessary for appropriate interpretation.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

Which is NOT ideal organization of a literature review?

a.) move from broad to specific information
b.) ordered by idea
c.) organize similar methods together
d.) set studies with the same conclusion with each other
e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited

Answer 49

e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited

Question 50

Which is NOT a form of reliability in quantitative research?

a.) inter-observer
b.) test-retest
c.) construct
d.) internal consistency
e.) all of these are forms of reliability

Answer 50

c.) construct

Question 51

Which is NOT one of the five components of authenticity in qualitative research approaches?

a.) ontological
b.) educative
c.) fairness
d.) tactical
e.) righteousness

Answer 51

e.) righteousness

Question 52

What type of data collection can the Rorschach Inkblot Test be considered?

a.) inventory
b.) survey
c.) projective
d.) Likert scale
e.) sociometric

Answer 52

c.) projective

Question 53

You are studying a group of patients diagnosed with a fairly rare but new disease with variable symptoms. Assuming you can access the subjects, if you choose one- which sort of data collection method would be best to learn more?

a.) survey
b.) interview
c.) observational
d.) action
e.) rating scale

Answer 53

b.) interview

Question 54

In conducting experiential ethnography, the researcher goes through stages to engage within the group of interest. Once becoming a member, which step is vital for learning about group behaviors prior to true acceptance?

a.) recruitment
b.) socialization
c.) anticipatory socialization
d.) infiltration

Answer 54

b.) socialization

Question 55

You are working in a research lab and collecting images with a microscope. As you are getting ready to publish some images, you are advised to modify them to enhance the contrasting quality. Which actions should you consider to avoid academic misconduct? (select any that apply).

a.) publish without peer review to avoid scrutiny
b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize

Answer 55

b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize

Question 56

Select the correct statement:

a.) the best value for estimating central tendency of a population is always the mean.
b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.
c.) kurtosis is a term that describes the spread or dispersion of a normal distribution.
d.) a value of 4+ is required for the kurtosis measurement to indicate an unbalanced distribution.
e.) the best estimate of the central tendency is usually the median.

Answer 56

b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.

Question 57

___________ is an estimate of how certain we are of a mean.

a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI

Answer 57

a.) SEM or SE

Question 58

_____________ is a calculation of the average deviation of individual points from the mean.

a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM

Answer 58

b.) SD

Question 59

____________ is an estimate of the range over which the largest majority of the population would lie.

a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM

Answer 59

c.) 95% CI

Question 60

__________ is the calculation of the 95% CI.

a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM

Answer 60

c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM

Question 61

You have been given data by your new boss to analyze using descriptive statistics analysis. You find that the data set has a skewness factor of -2.2. Which of the following statements would be TRUE regarding this finding?

a.) this data set exhibits a distorted shape, such that it has an abnormally high peak and an abnormally low values at the outside ranges of the distribution.
b.) you would want to use the “median” as an estimate of central tendency.
c.) you would want to use the mean as an estimate of central tendency.
d.) the SD would accurately reflect the distribution around the central tendency.

Answer 61

b.) you would want to use the “median” as an estimate of central tendency.

Question 62

Which of the following the underlying principle of ANOVA?

a.) that one can determine the probability on an unusual population within a larger population by understanding the sources of variance within the population
b.) that one can estimate the probability of a rare event or population by the value of an F statistic.
c.) that the total variance of a large population is the sum of 1.) the variance of the population of means of the individual populations and 2.) the sum of the variances of all individual populations from their individual means.
d.) all of the above

Answer 62

d.) all of the above

Question 63

An ANOVA table shows how the sums of squares are distributed per the source variation. A Mean Square in an ANOVA table can be defined as…

a.) the specific variance being measured divided by the sample size
b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population
c.) another term for the F ratio used to calculate significance

Answer 63

b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population

Question 64

True or False: These assumptions are necessary before you can use a standard ANOVA:
1.) all groups have the sample size
2.) all groups have homogeneous variances
3.) samples are selected randomly and not paired

Answer 64

False

Question 65

True or False: compared to two sample tests, the ANOVA is highly sensitive to distributions that are NOT normally distributed. Therefore, you often must use the non-parametric equivalent test (Kruskal-Wallis).

Answer 65

False

Question 66

____________ tests between-groups for two or more independent variables.

a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis

Answer 66

b.) multi-way ANOVA

Question 67

Q
____________ are interactions or shared variances between two or more independent variables in a multi-way ANOVA.

a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis

Answer 67

c.) crossed effects

Question 68

__________ tests between-groups for a single independent variable.

a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis

Answer 68

a.) one-way ANOVA

Question 69

_____________ is two or more independent continuous variables vs. one dependent continuous variable.

a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis

Answer 69

d.) multiple regression analysis

Question 70

Which of the following does a Tukey’s post-hoc test measure?

a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages
b.) only adjacent groups in an ANOVA
c.) differences from a control population
d.) differences in paired samples

Answer 70

a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages

Question 71

True or False: it is perfectly legitimate to perform post-hoc analyses to determine significance between groups if the ANOVA does not reach the critical alpha for significance (p < 0.05)

Answer 71

False

Question 72

Another common tests used by most everyone implementing an ANOVA is “Dunnett’s Test.” Choose the correct explanation for why one would use Dunnett’s test over Tukey’s test.

a.) it measures more comparisons than Tukey
b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control
c.) both tests are the exact same, so one defers to the original statistician after from the test was named
d.) Tukey’s does not take into account the scatter of all the groups

Answer 72

b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control

Question 73

___________ is used for nominal data on the dependent variable when a cell has <10 data points.

a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Answer 73

a.) Fischers Exact Test

Question 74

_____________ is used when you are determining the probability of a frequency of an event when the general population frequency is a known value.

a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Answer 74

c.) Binomial Test

Question 75

___________ is used when the populations of differences for paired data are non-parametric.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Answer 75

d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements

Question 76

_________ is used when two independent populations are parametric, but their variances differ.

a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Answer 76

E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Question 77

__________ is used for nominal data analysis when the n in each cell is >10.

a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test

Answer 77

b.) Chi Square Test

Question 78

True or False: you can easily test whether or correlation or regression is a statistically significant relationship just by the correlation coefficient, the sample size and the appropriate table.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

___________ is numerically the same as the SEE and similar to a Standard Deviation around the regression line.

a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE

Answer 79

a.) RMSE

Question 80

___________ is a way of estimating the degree of correlation, while taking into consideration multiple X variables.

a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE

Answer 80

b.) Adjusted r^2

Question 81

True or False: homoscedasticity refers to how “normal” a distribution is around both the x and y axis of a regression line.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

True or False: if you can demonstrate that a linear regression relationship is statistically significant, then you can be certain that the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change.

Answer 82

False

Question 83

True or False: 0.1-0.2 is a generally accepted value for beta.

Answer 83

True

Question 84

What is it called when you reject the null hypothesis, when it’s actually true?

a.) Type I error
b.) Type II error
c.) power
d.) chance

Answer 84

a.) Type I error

Question 85

True or False: a nested variable must be nominal and must be considered a “random” variable.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

True or False: a nested variable in ANOVA is a random variable that is a subcategory of another variable. It is usually of little importance, except to account for sources of variance in the measurement.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

______________ is a calculation that allows you to determine an ideal setting to maximize sensitivity and specificity combined.

a.) Youden’s Index
b.) Gold Standard
c.) Null hypothesis

Answer 87

a.) Youden’s Index

Question 88

________ is used to determine the sensitivity of an assay.

a.) Youden’s Index
b.) Specificity
c.) Gold Standard
d.) Null hypothesis

Answer 88

c.) Gold Standard

Question 89

Which three assumptions are necessary to perform a standard 2-sample Student’s T-Test?

a.) both sample populations must have the same “n” (sample size)
b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed
e.) one of the sample populations can have properties of either kurtosis or skewness, but not both

Answer 89

b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed

Question 90

When you run a statistical test and get a p-value of 0.06, you can conclude that your comparison is statistically significant because it is greater than 0.05.

Answer 90

False

Question 91

True or False: when comparing 2-sample populations, 99% of the time you want to use a one-tailed test.

Answer 91

False

Question 92

True or False: the major assumption of the paired T-Test is that both populations studied must be normally distributed.

Answer 92

False

Question 93

True or False: you can only perform a Fischer’s Exact Test on two groups with two outcome variables.

Answer 93

False

Question 94

Select the correct description regarding the nature of the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).

a.) The SEM becomes small with a larger sample size
b.) The SEM (or SE) describes the certainty of the absolute value of the expressed mean
c.) The SEM should not be used to describe populations of nonparametric data
d.) The SEM is NOT very useful in expressing the expected variance of the population
e.) The only time the SEM is appropriate to use in expressing data is when the important point has to do with differences in comparative responses of 2+ populations.
f.) all of the above

Answer 94

f.) all of the above

Question 95

True or False: to express populations of nonparametric data, two of the most accepted ways include 1.) expressing the median for central tendency and the 25-75% quartiles for the variance; 2.) utilizing a scatter plot of the raw data for variance and median for the central tendency.

Answer 95

True

Question 96

When comparing two independent, normal populations with equal variance, it is best to use…

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Answer 96

c.) two sample students T Test

Question 97

When comparing two independent, normal populations with unequal variance, it is best to use…

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Answer 97

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions

Question 98

When comparing two independent samples, one parametric vs. one nonparametric distribution, it is best to use…

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Answer 98

e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Question 99

When comparing two paired samples with a normal distribution of differences, it is best to use…

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Answer 99

b.) paired T Test

Question 100

When comparing two paired samples with a nonparametric distribution of differences, it is best to use…

a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples

Answer 100

d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples

Question 101

___________ is a test that uses interval or ratio data, and assume that the data is drawn from a normally distributed population.

a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test

Answer 101

a.) parametric test

Question 102

___________ is a test that uses ordinal or nominal data, and does not make any assumptions about the characteristics of the sample distribution.

a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test

Answer 102

b.) nonparametric test

Question 103

You are working for the city and are asked to provide a report on different forms of commuter transportation within the community. You find that 66% of commuters drove, 8% rode bikes, 6% walked, 12% rode the bus and 8% used other forms of transportation. What would be the best way to describe the central tendency and distribution of this population?

a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions
b.) median +/- 25-75% quartile
c.) mean +/- 95% confidence interval for each

Answer 103

a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions

Question 104

True or False: if you run a two-way ANOVA and you check for crossed effects, you need to report the crossed effects in your final results.

Answer 104

False

Question 105

_____________ is an independent variable that can alter the outcome of the data analysis in a way that does not lead to a correct conclusion.

a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect

Answer 105

a.) confounder

Question 106

___________ is the natural tendency for populations to approach the mean value with repeated sampling.

a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect

Answer 106

c.) regression to the mean effect

Question 107

_______ is an independent variable that can be ordinal or continuous that accounts for one of the variance in a statistical model.

a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect

Answer 107

b.) covariate

Question 108

_________ is when a similar subject is recruited or studied at the same time in such a way as to pair the treatment and control subjects.

a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control

Answer 108

b.) matched control

Question 109

__________ is performing experiments in the control group in which every condition except the actual treatment is the same as the treated group.

a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control

Answer 109

c.) sham control

Question 110

____________ is a control group done without treatment, performed in the same sequence as the experimental group.

a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control

Answer 110

d.) time control

Question 111

_________ is when a test is given to ensure your method of evaluation can detect the signal you wish to study.

a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control

Answer 111

a.) positive control

Question 112

Which of the following statements are FALSE regarding the Institutional Review Board (IRB) if any?

a.) The IRB can comprise scientists, physicians and even general community members
b.) THE IRB is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designed to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.
c.) Per rules associated with the IRB, an informed consent from the participant is required in writing.
d.) Most surveys also need to go through the IRB for approval prior to administration to human subjects
e.) all statements are true

Answer 112

e.) all statements are true

Question 113

Which of the following statements are true regarding a “crossover repeated measures” experimental design?

a.) It accounts for any effects of time, or repeated testing on the results.
b.) It is not always possible to use, because sometimes the treatments can have effects that extend beyond the treatment time
c.) It allows all subjects to serve as their own controls
d.) All of the above are correct.
e.) None of the above are correct.

Answer 113

d.) All of the above are correct.

Question 114

True or False: statistical validity means a conclusion is drawn from a given data set after experimentation that appropriately relied on mathematical and statistical laws, following the scientific process.

Answer 114

True

Question 115

____________ is probability of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than was observed in the data.

a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value

Answer 115

d.) p-value

Question 116

___________ is a boundary for specifying a statistically significant finding when interpreting the p-value.

a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value

Answer 116

a.) alpha (significance level)

Question 117

_________ can be used to estimate the minimum sample size required for an experiment, given a desired significance level, effect size and statistical power.

a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value

Answer 117

c.) power analysis

Question 118

__________ is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis; probability of a true positive result.

a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value

Answer 118

b.) statistical power