Research Methods - HLP6535 Flashcards
____________ is a study, theory, or science of being, of that which exists
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
a.) ontology
Some examples of ___________ include “Does God exist?” and “What is disease, and its characteristics in medicine?”
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
a.) ontology
__________ is the study of knowledge.
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
b.) epistemology
Some examples of _____________ include “What do people know?” and “How do we know what we know?”
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
b.) epistemology
_______________ is based on observable, measurable facts to measure a pair of variables and then determine relationships.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
a.) positivism
__________ is using the voices and interpretations of informants, rather than direct measurement.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
c.) interpretivism
___________ is learning with and about subjects, rather than assuming a testing role like in hypothesis-driven research.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
b.) post-positivism
_____________ is hypothesis and explanation from theory/literature leads to gathering data to test the research question.
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
c.) deductive
__________ is gathering data leads to analyzing to develop a theory, model or explanation
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
d.) inductive
True or False: the mixed method approach is detrimental to the credibility of research findings, as it is less comprehensive than any single research approach.
False
A researcher in the Sociology dept. is asking subjects why they scratch their face or twirl their hair while they talk. The same researcher analyzes the responses and comes up with a conclusion. What type of study can this be classified as?
a.) positivism
b.) interpretivism
c.) daoism
d.) empiricalism
e.) idealism
b.) interpretivism
Which of the following situations would you think could lead to an important ethical dilemma if the information was made public?
a.) question asking if a patient has one or more children
b.) question asking for previous employment history
c.) question asking if a patient has taken medication for heart disease
d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members
e.) question asking subject’s biological sex
d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members
True or False: The problem with equipoise is that it only applies to medical personnel who have taken an oath to “do no harm” to their patients.
True
True or False: surveys conducted on campus by students do not have to be evaluated for ethical issues by the IHRRB.
False
Cold, cool, temperate, warm and hot are examples of…
a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data
c.) ordinal data
If X is nominal and Y is continuous, the correct type of graphical display is…
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
a.) bar graph
If X and Y are both continuous, the correct type of graphical display is…
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
b.) scatter plot with regression
If X is nominal and Y is ordinal, the correct type of graphical display is…
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
If X and Y are both nominal, the correct type of graphical display is…
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
When expressing populations of data that are important for the reader to understand the expected span of a normal distribution, such as age in a clinical study, you would either use a ________ or _________ to illustrate the variance of the sample.
a.) SD and SEM
b.) SD and 95% CI
c.) SEM and 25-75% Quartile
d.) SEM and SEE
b.) SD and 95% CI
How would you focus a PUBMED search with a search for a publication from a specific region or institution?
a.) xxxxx [AD]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
c.) xxxxx [TA]
a.) xxxxx [AD]
__________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the investigator and the subjects.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
a.) double blinded
________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the subjects.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
b.) single blinded
__________ is when subjects are divided into categories prior to randomization into treated and untreated groups.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
d.) stratified randomization
What does the Borg scale measure?
a.) rate of force production
b.) rating of endurance capability
c.) rating of perceived exertion
d.) rating of fatigue
c.) rating of perceived exertion
What is the most desirable way of handling outliers?
a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified
a.) do not remove any outliers
What is the least desirable way of handling outliers?
a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
True or False: a spurious link is a connection that should not exist in a real system, but is mistakenly recovered in the process of network inference from data.
True
______________ is taking the point of view of the people being studied.
a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective
a.) emic perspective
____________ is the researcher’s perspective.
a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective
b.) etic perspective
The axes of a histogram used to evaluate distribution is…
a.) Y = frequency in bins, X = magnitude
b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency
b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency
__________ refers to the consistency of the results obtained.
a.) reliability
b.) validity
a.) reliability
____________ refers to the initial assessment from an expert’s point of view.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
b.) content validity
__________ determines if your method appears appropriate to measure what you want it to measure at first glance.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
a.) face validity
____________ determines if your data correlates with other measures.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
d.) construct validity
___________ examines the appropriateness of the methodological choices made by the researcher.
a.) reliability
b.) rigour
c.) credibility
d.) authenticity
b.) rigour
____________ is where groups are randomly selected, rather than individuals.
a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling
b.) cluster sampling
___________ involves selecting ever Kth case - for example, taking every 4th name from a list.
a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling
c.) systematic sampling
True or False: triangulation is the use of multiple means of data collection to explore a single phenomenon.
True
You are doing a study to determine if individuals who drink alcohol are more likely to die at an earlier age than individuals who do not consume alcohol. You conclude that alcohol intake is a major risk factor for early death. What possible challenges to validity of this conclusion can you envision?
a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.
b.) individuals who do not consume alcohol may eat a healthier diet and have a lower weight, which could lead to a longer life.
c.) individuals who consume alcohol may be more prone to depression or anxiety, which may lead to stress-related illness.
a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.
You have developed an interest in what makes teams successful competitors. You decide to compare basketball teams that have made it far into the NCAA tournament even without highly recruited talent. You hypothesize that the reason they are successful is their willingness to work as a team. You recruit the coaches and former team members of 16 teams that you categorized as top contenders. Which experimental approach is best to develop this project?
a.) take a simply inventory of attitudes, motivations and relationships between players and align these with the view of the coaches.
b.) do an initial unstructured interview with players and coaches of both types of teams and quantify their feelings towards each other
c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches
d.) use a projective technique that asks the subjects to complete sentences such as “my confidence level…”
c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches
Which of the following is correct regarding the Borg scale?
a.) it is a mechanism of providing an output as a number, based on verbal cues of the patient’s sensation
b.) it can be used for evaluating the sensation of shortness of breath or effort in patients during exercise
c.) it is a valid method of predicting physiologic effort during differing modes of exercise
d.) all of the above
d.) all of the above
______________ describes a particular phenomenon, focusing on what has happened or how much has happened (not the “why”).
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
a.) descriptive research
______________ supports development of new ideas through data collection.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
d.) empirical research
____________ is involved in explaining why something happens, assessing causal relations between variables.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
b.) explanatory research
____________ typically uses findings from existing works to develop new insights, theories and explanations.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
c.) theoretical research
____________ attempts to gain familiarity with relevant concepts, seeking patterns and ideas from data without preconceived ideas or explanations.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
e.) exploratory research
True or False: within the research process, it is important to disseminate the findings before drawing conclusions, because the public’s feedback and perspective on the data are necessary for appropriate interpretation.
False
Which is NOT ideal organization of a literature review?
a.) move from broad to specific information
b.) ordered by idea
c.) organize similar methods together
d.) set studies with the same conclusion with each other
e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited
e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited
Which is NOT a form of reliability in quantitative research?
a.) inter-observer
b.) test-retest
c.) construct
d.) internal consistency
e.) all of these are forms of reliability
c.) construct
Which is NOT one of the five components of authenticity in qualitative research approaches?
a.) ontological
b.) educative
c.) fairness
d.) tactical
e.) righteousness
e.) righteousness
What type of data collection can the Rorschach Inkblot Test be considered?
a.) inventory
b.) survey
c.) projective
d.) Likert scale
e.) sociometric
c.) projective
You are studying a group of patients diagnosed with a fairly rare but new disease with variable symptoms. Assuming you can access the subjects, if you choose one- which sort of data collection method would be best to learn more?
a.) survey
b.) interview
c.) observational
d.) action
e.) rating scale
b.) interview
In conducting experiential ethnography, the researcher goes through stages to engage within the group of interest. Once becoming a member, which step is vital for learning about group behaviors prior to true acceptance?
a.) recruitment
b.) socialization
c.) anticipatory socialization
d.) infiltration
b.) socialization
You are working in a research lab and collecting images with a microscope. As you are getting ready to publish some images, you are advised to modify them to enhance the contrasting quality. Which actions should you consider to avoid academic misconduct? (select any that apply).
a.) publish without peer review to avoid scrutiny
b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize
b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize
Select the correct statement:
a.) the best value for estimating central tendency of a population is always the mean.
b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.
c.) kurtosis is a term that describes the spread or dispersion of a normal distribution.
d.) a value of 4+ is required for the kurtosis measurement to indicate an unbalanced distribution.
e.) the best estimate of the central tendency is usually the median.
b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.
___________ is an estimate of how certain we are of a mean.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
a.) SEM or SE
_____________ is a calculation of the average deviation of individual points from the mean.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
b.) SD
____________ is an estimate of the range over which the largest majority of the population would lie.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
c.) 95% CI
__________ is the calculation of the 95% CI.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
You have been given data by your new boss to analyze using descriptive statistics analysis. You find that the data set has a skewness factor of -2.2. Which of the following statements would be TRUE regarding this finding?
a.) this data set exhibits a distorted shape, such that it has an abnormally high peak and an abnormally low values at the outside ranges of the distribution.
b.) you would want to use the “median” as an estimate of central tendency.
c.) you would want to use the mean as an estimate of central tendency.
d.) the SD would accurately reflect the distribution around the central tendency.
b.) you would want to use the “median” as an estimate of central tendency.
Which of the following the underlying principle of ANOVA?
a.) that one can determine the probability on an unusual population within a larger population by understanding the sources of variance within the population
b.) that one can estimate the probability of a rare event or population by the value of an F statistic.
c.) that the total variance of a large population is the sum of 1.) the variance of the population of means of the individual populations and 2.) the sum of the variances of all individual populations from their individual means.
d.) all of the above
d.) all of the above
An ANOVA table shows how the sums of squares are distributed per the source variation. A Mean Square in an ANOVA table can be defined as…
a.) the specific variance being measured divided by the sample size
b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population
c.) another term for the F ratio used to calculate significance
b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population
True or False: These assumptions are necessary before you can use a standard ANOVA:
1.) all groups have the sample size
2.) all groups have homogeneous variances
3.) samples are selected randomly and not paired
False
True or False: compared to two sample tests, the ANOVA is highly sensitive to distributions that are NOT normally distributed. Therefore, you often must use the non-parametric equivalent test (Kruskal-Wallis).
False
____________ tests between-groups for two or more independent variables.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
b.) multi-way ANOVA
Q
____________ are interactions or shared variances between two or more independent variables in a multi-way ANOVA.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
c.) crossed effects
__________ tests between-groups for a single independent variable.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
a.) one-way ANOVA
_____________ is two or more independent continuous variables vs. one dependent continuous variable.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
d.) multiple regression analysis
Which of the following does a Tukey’s post-hoc test measure?
a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages
b.) only adjacent groups in an ANOVA
c.) differences from a control population
d.) differences in paired samples
a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages
True or False: it is perfectly legitimate to perform post-hoc analyses to determine significance between groups if the ANOVA does not reach the critical alpha for significance (p < 0.05)
False
Another common tests used by most everyone implementing an ANOVA is “Dunnett’s Test.” Choose the correct explanation for why one would use Dunnett’s test over Tukey’s test.
a.) it measures more comparisons than Tukey
b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control
c.) both tests are the exact same, so one defers to the original statistician after from the test was named
d.) Tukey’s does not take into account the scatter of all the groups
b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control
___________ is used for nominal data on the dependent variable when a cell has <10 data points.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
a.) Fischers Exact Test
_____________ is used when you are determining the probability of a frequency of an event when the general population frequency is a known value.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
c.) Binomial Test
___________ is used when the populations of differences for paired data are non-parametric.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
_________ is used when two independent populations are parametric, but their variances differ.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
__________ is used for nominal data analysis when the n in each cell is >10.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student’s T-Test
b.) Chi Square Test
True or False: you can easily test whether or correlation or regression is a statistically significant relationship just by the correlation coefficient, the sample size and the appropriate table.
True
___________ is numerically the same as the SEE and similar to a Standard Deviation around the regression line.
a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE
a.) RMSE
___________ is a way of estimating the degree of correlation, while taking into consideration multiple X variables.
a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
True or False: homoscedasticity refers to how “normal” a distribution is around both the x and y axis of a regression line.
True
True or False: if you can demonstrate that a linear regression relationship is statistically significant, then you can be certain that the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change.
False
True or False: 0.1-0.2 is a generally accepted value for beta.
True
What is it called when you reject the null hypothesis, when it’s actually true?
a.) Type I error
b.) Type II error
c.) power
d.) chance
a.) Type I error
True or False: a nested variable must be nominal and must be considered a “random” variable.
True
True or False: a nested variable in ANOVA is a random variable that is a subcategory of another variable. It is usually of little importance, except to account for sources of variance in the measurement.
True
______________ is a calculation that allows you to determine an ideal setting to maximize sensitivity and specificity combined.
a.) Youden’s Index
b.) Gold Standard
c.) Null hypothesis
a.) Youden’s Index
________ is used to determine the sensitivity of an assay.
a.) Youden’s Index
b.) Specificity
c.) Gold Standard
d.) Null hypothesis
c.) Gold Standard
Which three assumptions are necessary to perform a standard 2-sample Student’s T-Test?
a.) both sample populations must have the same “n” (sample size)
b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed
e.) one of the sample populations can have properties of either kurtosis or skewness, but not both
b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed
When you run a statistical test and get a p-value of 0.06, you can conclude that your comparison is statistically significant because it is greater than 0.05.
False
True or False: when comparing 2-sample populations, 99% of the time you want to use a one-tailed test.
False
True or False: the major assumption of the paired T-Test is that both populations studied must be normally distributed.
False
True or False: you can only perform a Fischer’s Exact Test on two groups with two outcome variables.
False
Select the correct description regarding the nature of the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).
a.) The SEM becomes small with a larger sample size
b.) The SEM (or SE) describes the certainty of the absolute value of the expressed mean
c.) The SEM should not be used to describe populations of nonparametric data
d.) The SEM is NOT very useful in expressing the expected variance of the population
e.) The only time the SEM is appropriate to use in expressing data is when the important point has to do with differences in comparative responses of 2+ populations.
f.) all of the above
f.) all of the above
True or False: to express populations of nonparametric data, two of the most accepted ways include 1.) expressing the median for central tendency and the 25-75% quartiles for the variance; 2.) utilizing a scatter plot of the raw data for variance and median for the central tendency.
True
When comparing two independent, normal populations with equal variance, it is best to use…
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
c.) two sample students T Test
When comparing two independent, normal populations with unequal variance, it is best to use…
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
When comparing two independent samples, one parametric vs. one nonparametric distribution, it is best to use…
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
When comparing two paired samples with a normal distribution of differences, it is best to use…
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
b.) paired T Test
When comparing two paired samples with a nonparametric distribution of differences, it is best to use…
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
___________ is a test that uses interval or ratio data, and assume that the data is drawn from a normally distributed population.
a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test
a.) parametric test
___________ is a test that uses ordinal or nominal data, and does not make any assumptions about the characteristics of the sample distribution.
a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test
b.) nonparametric test
You are working for the city and are asked to provide a report on different forms of commuter transportation within the community. You find that 66% of commuters drove, 8% rode bikes, 6% walked, 12% rode the bus and 8% used other forms of transportation. What would be the best way to describe the central tendency and distribution of this population?
a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions
b.) median +/- 25-75% quartile
c.) mean +/- 95% confidence interval for each
a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions
True or False: if you run a two-way ANOVA and you check for crossed effects, you need to report the crossed effects in your final results.
False
_____________ is an independent variable that can alter the outcome of the data analysis in a way that does not lead to a correct conclusion.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
a.) confounder
___________ is the natural tendency for populations to approach the mean value with repeated sampling.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
c.) regression to the mean effect
_______ is an independent variable that can be ordinal or continuous that accounts for one of the variance in a statistical model.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
b.) covariate
_________ is when a similar subject is recruited or studied at the same time in such a way as to pair the treatment and control subjects.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
b.) matched control
__________ is performing experiments in the control group in which every condition except the actual treatment is the same as the treated group.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
c.) sham control
____________ is a control group done without treatment, performed in the same sequence as the experimental group.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
d.) time control
_________ is when a test is given to ensure your method of evaluation can detect the signal you wish to study.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
a.) positive control
Which of the following statements are FALSE regarding the Institutional Review Board (IRB) if any?
a.) The IRB can comprise scientists, physicians and even general community members
b.) THE IRB is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designed to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.
c.) Per rules associated with the IRB, an informed consent from the participant is required in writing.
d.) Most surveys also need to go through the IRB for approval prior to administration to human subjects
e.) all statements are true
e.) all statements are true
Which of the following statements are true regarding a “crossover repeated measures” experimental design?
a.) It accounts for any effects of time, or repeated testing on the results.
b.) It is not always possible to use, because sometimes the treatments can have effects that extend beyond the treatment time
c.) It allows all subjects to serve as their own controls
d.) All of the above are correct.
e.) None of the above are correct.
d.) All of the above are correct.
True or False: statistical validity means a conclusion is drawn from a given data set after experimentation that appropriately relied on mathematical and statistical laws, following the scientific process.
True
____________ is probability of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than was observed in the data.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
d.) p-value
___________ is a boundary for specifying a statistically significant finding when interpreting the p-value.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
a.) alpha (significance level)
_________ can be used to estimate the minimum sample size required for an experiment, given a desired significance level, effect size and statistical power.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
c.) power analysis
__________ is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis; probability of a true positive result.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
b.) statistical power
