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Research Studies Chapters 1-4 > Research methods chapter 5-8 > Flashcards

Research methods chapter 5-8 Flashcards

Research methods chapter 5-8

1
Q

Mixed-access sampling

A

means that multiple methods are used to invite participants to a research study—phone (mobile or landline), email, addressed-based
mail, intercept, ads, etc.

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2
Q

Nominal Data

A

a type of qualitative data that categorizes items or variables into distinct groups without any inherent order or ranking

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3
Q

Ordinal Data

A

variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known

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3
Q

Steps in Sampling Design

A

Define Target Population & Case
Define Population Parameters
Define & Evaluate Sample Frames
Define Number of Cases
Define Sampling Method
Define Selection & Recruiting Protocols

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4
Q

Interval

A

ordered data where the differences between values hold meaning, such as temperature or dates

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5
Q

Ratio

A

a form of quantitative (numeric) data. It measures variables on a continuous scale, with an equal distance between adjacent values

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6
Q

Sample Frame

A

a list of individuals, households, or institutions that can be sampled from a population

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7
Q

Problems with Sample Frame

A

Incomplete list
Out-of-date list
Too inclusive a list
Inappropriate List

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8
Q

The advantages of census over sample are more compelling when

A

The target population is
Small
High variability within the target population

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9
Q

Advantages of using a sample

A

Greater speed
availability elements
lower cost
greater accuracy

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10
Q

Validity of a sample depends on two considerations

A

accuracy and precision

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

the degree to which bias is absent from the sample

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11
Q

Precision

A

How accurate a sample is

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12
Q

What Is a Sufficiently Large Sample?

A

1,500 – 2,000 respondents

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13
Q

When to Use a Larger Sample?

A

The greater the dispersion or variance within the population, the larger the sample must be to provide estimation precision.
The greater the desired precision of the estimate, the larger the sample must be.
The narrower or smaller the error range, the larger the sample must be.
The higher the confidence level in the estimate, the larger the sample must be.
The greater the number of subgroups of interest within a sample, the greater the sample size must be, as each subgroup must meet minimum sample size requirements.

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14
Q

Nonprobability sampling

A

the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated

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15
Q

Probability sampling

A

a controlled, randomized procedure that assures that each population element is given a known, nonzero chance of selection

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16
Q

simple random sampling

A

each population element has an equal chance of being selected into the samples. The sample is drawn using a random number table or generator.

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17
Q

systematic sampling

A

a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the population at a regular interval

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18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of simple random sampling

A

Advantages
Easy to implement with random dialing

Disadvantages
Requires list of population elements.
Time consuming.
Larger sample needed.
Produces larger errors.
High cost.

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19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Systematic sampling

A

Advantages
Simple to design.
Easier than simple random.
Easy to determine sampling distribution of mean or proportion

Disadvantages
Periodicity within population may skew sample and results.
Trends in list may bias results.
Moderate cost.

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20
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Population divided into few subgroups.
Homogeneity within subgroups.
Heterogeneity between subgroups.
Random choice of cases from within each subgroup.

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21
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Population divided into many subgroups.
Heterogeneity within subgroups.
Homogeneity between subgroups.
Random choice of subgroups.

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22
Q

Qualitative research

A

Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical data. interpretive research

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22
Q

Area sampling

A

a cluster sampling technique applied to a population with well-defined political or geographic boundaries. It is a low-cost and frequently used method

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22
Q

Nonprobability

A

uses subjective or non-random methods, such as the researcher’s judgment and experience

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23
Q

Quantitative research

A

a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. interpretive research.

24
Q

Purposive sampling

A

researchers choose participants arbitrarily for their unique characteristics or their experiences, attitudes, or perceptions

25
Q

Convenience sampling

A

researchers select any readily available individuals as participants.

26
Q

Snowball sampling

A

means that participants refer researchers to others who have characteristics, experiences, or attitudes similar to or different from their own

27
Q

unstructured interview

A

no specific questions or order of topics to be discussed. Each interview is customized to each participant

27
Q

Data Saturation

A

the point at which no new information is forthcoming and no new insights are feasible

28
Q

recruitment screener

A

a semi structured or structured interview guide designed to assure the interviewer that the prospect will be a good participant for the planned qualitative research

28
Q

semi structured interview

A

there are a few standard questions but the interviewer is allowed to deviate based on participant’s answers and thought processes. The interviewer’s role is to probe

29
Q

structured interview

A

the interview guide is detailed and specifies question order, and the way questions are to be asked. These interviews permit more direct comparability of responses and maintain interviewer neutrality.

30
Q

Oral histories

A

ask participants to relate their personal experiences and feelings related to historical events or past behavior.

31
Q

Oral histories

A

ask participants to relate their personal experiences and feelings related to historical events or past behavior.

32
Q

Cultural interviews

A

ask participants to relate his or her experiences with a culture or subculture

33
Q

Life histories

A

extract from a single participant memories and experiences from childhood to the present day regarding a product or service category, brand, or firm.

34
Q

Convergent interviewing

A

involves experts as participants in a sequential series of IDIs

35
Q

Sequential interviewing

A

approaches the participant with questions formed around an anticipated series of activities

36
Q

Ethnography

A

involves a field-setting and unstructured interview

37
Q

Grounded theory

A

uses a structured interview but adjusts each interview based on findings from those that came before

38
Q

Telephone focus groups

A

a research tool that allows a moderator to lead a discussion with participants over the phone

39
Q

Online focus groups

A

are very effective with teens and young adults. Access and speed are strengths of this mode, but it is more difficult to gain insight from group dynamics.

40
Q

Videoconferencing focus groups

A

are likely to grow as a focus group mode because it saves time and money while creating less barrier between moderator and participants than the telephone.
All methods provide for transcriptions of the full interview. These are analyzed using content analysis.

41
Q

focus group

A

a panel of people (usually 6-10 people), led by a trained moderator, who meet for 90 minutes to 2 hours. The facilitator uses group dynamics principles to focus or guide the group in an exchange of ideas, feelings, and experiences.

42
Q

Triangulation

A

is the combining of several qualitative methods or combining qualitative with quantitative methods.

43
Q

ethnography

A

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures

44
Q

event sampling

A

involves observation of targeted behaviours or specific events

45
Q

Three types of time sampling

A

a time-point sample,
continuous real-time samples, or
a time-interval sample.

46
Q

Extralinguistic observation

A

the recording of vocal, temporal, interaction, and verbal stylistic behaviors of human participants

46
Q

Linguistic observation

A

the observation of human verbal behavior during conversation, presentation, or interaction.

47
Q

Nonverbal observation

A

the most prevalent and refers to recording physical actions or movements of participants. These behaviors can be measured with the human eye and with several mechanical or digital devices. These devices are discussed on the following slide.

48
Q

Spatial observation

A

the recording of how humans physically relate to one another

49
Q

galvanometer

A

a device that measures excitement, arousal, fear, or heightened physiological response to stimuli. It does this by measuring electrical activity in the participant’s skin. They are most used in advertising research.

49
Q

tachistoscope

A

a timed shutter device that exposes a participant to some stimulus for a controlled period of time. Historically, it has been used to substantiate the effects of subliminal advertising

50
Q

Extralinguistic observation

A

facial and vocal expression, bodily movements, shedding tears, smiling, laughing, giving gifts

51
Q

Record analysis

A

data mining…is a common nonbehavioral observation

52
Q

might relate to a safety audit or an analysis of inventory conditions or an analysis of food preparation areas in a restaurant

A

might relate to a safety audit or an analysis of inventory conditions or an analysis of food preparation areas in a restaurant

52
Q

Physical condition analysis

A

might relate to a safety audit or an analysis of inventory conditions or an analysis of food preparation areas in a restaurant

53
Q

random assignment

A

participants have an equal and known chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the experiment.

54
Q

Internal validity

A

a measure of how well a study’s results represent the truth of the population being studied and support a claim about cause and effect.

55
Q

External validity

A

the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times

56
Q

Replication

A

the process of repeating an experiment with different participant groups and conditions to determine the average effect of the IV across people, situations, and times

57
Q

field experiment

A

a study of the dependent variable in actual environmental conditions

Research Studies Chapters 1-4 (7 decks)

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