Research Methods Ao3

Question 1

Types of observations Ao3 controlled STRENGTH

Answer 1

P-⬆️ reliability
E-environment controlled (context -what is controlled )
E -easily repeated- check for consistent results
L-more respected by public and professionals

Question 2

Types of observations Ao3 controlled WEAKNESS 1 and 2

Answer 2

P-low in eco val
E- controlled setting (not reflect real life)
E-difficult to generalise findings past research setting
L- ⬇️ external validity

Peel 2
P- prone to demand characteristics (ppts⬆️10 yrs)
E-ppts know watched (CONTEXT )
E-pick up clues from researcher
L-change natural behaviour to help/hinder research

Question 3

Types of observations Ao3 Naturalistic STRENGTHS P1 and2

Answer 3

P-less prone to demand characteristics
E-ppts may not be aware they are being studied (CONTEXT - environment )
E-less likely to pick up on clues given by researcher and change natural behaviour (help/hinder)
L-⬆️ internal validity

P-⬆️ ecological validity
E-natural environment (CONTEXT )
E-easier to generalise results/findings (CONTEXT)
L-⬆️external validity

Question 4

Types of observations Ao3 Naturalistic WEAKNESSES P1 and 2

Answer 4

P-low in reliability
E- natural environment (CONTEXT-what is not controlled )
E-difficult to repeat/check for consistent results
/achieve consistent results

P- ethical issues- lack of informed consent
E-observed natural environment (CONTEXT )
E-difficult to generalise results/ findings (CONTEXT )
L-can’t give consent- found out may be upset and withdraw data

Question 5

Types of observations Ao3 Overt STRENGTH

Answer 5

P-more ethically appropriate than covert
E-ppts aware they’re being studied (CONTEXT)
E- therefore can give consent for data used

Question 6

Types of observations Ao3 Overt WEAKNESS

Answer 6

P-prone to demand characteristics
E-ppt know being observed (CONTEXT )
E- pick up clues researcher/environment and change natural behaviour to help/ hinder the research
L- ⬇️ internal validity

Question 7

Types of observations Ao3 Covert STRENGTH

Answer 7

P-less prone to demand characteristics
E-ppts unaware being observed
E-less likely to pick up on clues from researcher and change natural behaviour help/hinder the research
L-⬆️ internal validity

Question 8

Types of observations Ao3 Covert WEAKNESS

Answer 8

P-ethical issues
E- lack of informed consent and invasion of privacy
E-ppts not aware being observed- can’t consent
L- if find out may be upset and withdraw data

Question 9

Types of observations Ao3 Participant STRENGTH

Answer 9

P- researcher gain in depth understanding of behaviour
E-member of group
E-won’t miss feeling s/motivations (CONTEXT)
L-⬆️ internal validity

Question 10

Types of observations Ao3 Participant WEAKNESS

Answer 10

P-⬆️chance of researcher bias
E- researcher part of group- (CONTEXT ) ⬇️objectivity
E-researchers own thoughts and feelings may effect
L-⬇️ internal validity

Question 11

Types of observations Ao3 NON- Participant STRENGTH

Answer 11

P-⬇️researcher bias
E-observer not part of group (CONTEXT )
E⬆️objectivity (as feelings and thoughts don’t affect the observation)
L-⬆️internal validity

Question 12

Types of observations Ao3 NON- Participant WEAKNESS

Answer 12

P-less in depth understanding of behaviour
E- observer not a part of group (CONTEXT )
E-miss important aspects (feelings and motivations)
L- ⬇️ internal validity

Question 13

Behaviour sampling in observations Ao3 Event sampling strength

Answer 13

P-useful for behaviour that is infrequent
E-ppt recorded over a set time period and behaviour is recorded every time (context)
E-researchers less likely miss important behaviour (context)
L-unlike time sampling- only tallies@ time intervals- doesn’t occur frequently

Question 14

Behaviour sampling in observations Ao3 Event sampling WEAKNESS

Answer 14

P- limitation if behaviour is complex/happens often
E- some behaviours may be missed(context)
E- as they cannot tally in time
L-unlike TS researcher only tallies in set intervals - less likely to miss these behaviours

Question 15

Behaviour sampling in observations Ao3 Time sampling STRENGTH

Answer 15

P-⬇️ amount of time observers observe (context)
E-observe in time intervals
E-as ONLY observing @ set intervals
L-behaviours tallied (context) may not be representative of observation as a whole.

Question 16

Questionnaires AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 16

P- can tackle sensitive issues (CONTEXT)
E-as ppts anonymous (not asking for names)
E- ppts answers ⬆️ honest- disclose sensitive info
L-⬆️ internal validity (unlike an interview….)

Question 17

Questionnaires AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 17

P-⬇️ investigator effects
E-Researcher not have to be present
E-Researchers response to answers ❌👀
Characteristics not influence ppts answers
L-unlike in an interview…

Question 18

Questionnaires AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 18

P-given to a ⬆️er number of people- researcher ❌present
E-⬆️ generalisability of findings
E-unlike in an interview… Researcher must present
L- ⬆️ external validity

Question 19

Questionnaires AO3 WEAKNESS

Answer 19

P- lead- social desirability bias
E- may lie present best light (CONTEXT )
E-eg: mum lie child aggressive
L-⬇️internal validity
C- whereas in interview……

Question 20

Questionnaires AO3 WEAKNESS

Answer 20

P-misinterpretation of Qs
E-not understand - researcher ❌ present - ❌clarification
E- researcher may misunderstand ppts answers
L-⬇️ internal validity
C- unlike in an interview …..

Question 21

Types of questions in QUESTIONNAIRES STRENGTH OPEN

Answer 21

P-in depth
E-rich detailed
E-provides greater understanding of behaviour (CONTEXT )

Question 22

Types of questions in QUESTIONNAIRES WEAKNESS OPEN

Answer 22

P-researcher bias
E-ppts responses (context)
E-open to subjective interpretation of researcher

Question 23

Types of questions in QUESTIONNAIRES STRENGTH CLOSED

Answer 23

P-easier analyse and collate data
E-comparisons in groups
E-enabling conclusions about behaviour

Question 24

Types of questions in QUESTIONNAIRES WEAKNESS CLOSED 1

Answer 24

P- lacks depth and insight
E-answers could ⬇️ validity

Question 25

Types of questions in QUESTIONNAIRES WEAKNESS CLOSED 2

Answer 25

P-open to response bias
E-ppts reply in similar way
E-eg ticking yes/ rating favourable end scale
L-⬇️ internal validity

Question 26

Structured interviews AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 26

• All ppts asked same questions
• easier to compare responses identify trends and patterns (CONTEXT )
• unlike unstructured- interview ppts are asked different questions- difficult to compare

Question 27

Structured interviews AO3 WEAKNESS

Answer 27

P- researcher cannot follow up deeply lines of enquiry
E-ppts set questions (cannot deviate )
E-ppts cannot explain further
L-researcher cannot develop a deeper understanding of behaviour (CONTEXT )
L- unlike unstructured-Q developed based on previous responses

Question 28

UnStructured interviews AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 28

P- ppts can go in more depth with responses as questions are based on responses
E- fuller understanding behaviour (Context )
E-unlike structured - set questions (no deviation )
L- ⬆️internal validity

Question 29

UnStructured interviews AO3 WEAKNESS 1

Answer 29

P-ppts not all asked same questions (Context)
E- harder to compare and spot patterns
E- harder to analyse
L- unlike structured -set questions- easier comparison- all answer same questions

Question 30

UnStructured interviews AO3 WEAKNESS 2

Answer 30

P-harder to repeat
E-each ppt is asked different questions (context)
E-unlike structured - set questions-standardised- can be repeated
L-⬇️ credibility

Question 31

UnStructured interviews AO3 WEAKNESS 2

Answer 31

P-harder to repeat
E-each ppt is asked different questions (context)
E-unlike structured - set questions-standardised- can be repeated
L-⬇️ credibility

Question 32

Overall AO3 Interviews WEAKNESS

Answer 32

P- interviews more time consuming and expensive
E-have to be carried out face to face
E- unlike questionnaires which can be handed out to many ppts

Question 33

Overall AO3 Interviews WEAKNESS

Answer 33

P- interviews more time consuming and expensive
E-have to be carried out face to face
E- unlike questionnaires which can be handed out to many ppts

Question 34

Overall AO3 Interviews WEAKNESS

Answer 34

P- prone to investigator effects
E-researcher present - behaviours(CONTEXT )/ appearance (CONTEXT)
E-unlike questionnaire Researcher not need to be present ⬇️ investigator effects

Question 35

Overall AO3 Interviews STRENGTH

Answer 35

P- researcher present - ppts can ask clarification- don’t understand a question
E- researcher can ask for clarification about responses
E- ⬆️ internal validity
L- unlike questionnaires- no clarification- ⬇️ internal validity

Question 36

Overall AO3 Interviews STRENGTH

Answer 36

P- researcher present - ppts can ask clarification- don’t understand a question
E- researcher can ask for clarification about responses
E- ⬆️ internal validity
L- unlike questionnaires- no clarification- ⬇️ internal validity

Question 37

Correlational analysis AO3- STRENGTH 1

Answer 37

P- no manipulation of variables
E- appropriate studying sensitive issues- inappropriate to manipulate
E- (CONTEXT- what can’t be manipulated )
L-unlike experiment- unethical/ impractical to manipulate cause and effect

Question 38

Correlational analysis AO3- STRENGTH 2

Answer 38

P-correlations- starting points access possible patterns
E- relationship- may predict IV may impact on other
E- aid further experimental research
Save time/ money if ❌relationship before researchers commit

Question 39

Correlational analysis AO3- WEAKNESS 1

Answer 39

P-difficult to establish cause and effect
E- only relationship (CONTEXT CO-Vs)
E-extraneous variables- may be responsible (CONTEXT EVs)
L-⬇️ internal validity

Question 40

Correlational analysis AO3- WEAKNESS 2

Answer 40

P-correlations - mis interpreted - media + society
Link two variables
E- assume conclusion- causes for relationship
E- may be misused - support/ contradict an argument

Question 41

Maternal Deprivation AO3 STRENGTH

Answer 41

P-RTS-Bowlbys- 44 juvenile thieves
E-interviewed thieves- Affection-less psychopathy interviewed parents- prolonged separation
E-AP- likely long separation in CP
L- supports- early separation-> negative consequences

Question 42

Maternal Deprivation AO3 WEAKNESS 1

Answer 42

P-44 JT based on retrospective data
E- memory parents separation in childhood
E- may lie - better lie/ forget
L- ⬇️ internal validity- limits support for MD

Question 43

Maternal Deprivation AO3 WEAKNESS 2

Answer 43

P- RTC- Lewis 1954
E- partially replicated 44 JT- 500 young people
E- prolonged separation ❌ predict criminality/ difficulty forming relationships
L- contradicts Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
TF- Bowlbys opportunity sample?