Research Methods and experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain informal consent:

A

When the participants are told the aim and what will happen in the study. If told this they may change their mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Problem with informal consent and name study to back it up

A

They don’t fully understand what it takes to participate in the study that’s why not many drop out

Epstein and lasagna(1969) found that only a third of volunteers understood what they had agreed to participate in

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3
Q

Explain deception:

A

Participants are told the aim of the study but they are told the false aim in order to gain other results

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4
Q

Deception can lead to no trust In the psychologist and may lead the participant to

A

Withdrawing from the study

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5
Q

Explain right to withdraw:

A

Participants have the right to withdraw at any point in the study

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6
Q

By the participant withdrawing during the study it could lead to

A

Bias results

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7
Q

How would we get bias results from participants withdrawing during the study

A

People who stay are more likely to be obedient and hardy so the study only affects them

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8
Q

Why might confidentiality be hard

A

Because the researcher is likely to want to publish the results

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9
Q

Where’s might participants want privacy

A

Not to be observed in their homes or in public places

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10
Q

Name the ethical issue of Zimbardo et Al study

A

Participants weren’t informed they would be arrested at their own homes. They weren’t also aware of the psychological harm

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11
Q

How are ethical issues dealt with now

A
  1. Ethical committees set up
  2. ethical guidelines
  3. punishment
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12
Q

name a way of dealing with deception

A

Debriefing

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13
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

An experiment carried out in a specialised environment for the purpose of the study

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14
Q

Strengths of a lab study(3)

A
  1. study and results are repeatable
  2. easy to get informed consent as they know they are taking part
  3. easy to control all variables
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15
Q

Weakness of a lab experiment

A
  1. demand characteristics

2. No real life application

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16
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment done in a natural environment

17
Q

Strength of field experiment

A

More real life application and higher internal validity because no participant effect

18
Q

Weakness of field experiments

A
  1. Less control of variables as its out in the open

2. ethical issues as its hard to get informal consent

19
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a natural environment and the independent variable is naturally manipulated

20
Q

Strength of a natural experiment

A

1.honest behaviours (no demand characteristics)

21
Q

Weaknesses of natural experiment

A
  1. Ethical issues such as privacy,confidentiality and informed consent
  2. cant manipulate variables
22
Q

What is the independent variable

A

What you are trying to measure

23
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

What will change in the study

24
Q

What’s a directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis which announced which way the results are expected to swing

E.g people who do more homework without the tv on get better results than people who do homework with the tv on

25
Q

What is a non directional hypothesis

A

When the result predicts a difference but won’t announce which direction of the results

E.g people who do homework with the tv on will get different results to people who do homework without the tv on

26
Q

What is a null

A

When there is no difference between the results

E.g the results between people who do homework with or without the tv on are unrelated

27
Q

What is a pilot study

A

a small scale study done before to see if there are any problems with the study

28
Q

What is a confederate

A

An individual in a study who is not a real participant and is instructed by the investigator

29
Q

Name 3 ethical issues:

A
  1. informal consent
  2. deception
  3. the right to withdraw
  4. protection for psychical and mental harm
  5. privacy and confidentiality
30
Q

What are independent experiments?

A

Participants put into 2 groups. These participants are picked at random

31
Q

Strengths of an independent experiment groups

A
  1. Avoids order effects
  2. Aims are less obvious( less chance demand characteristics)
  3. Less time consuming as can be done at the same time
32
Q

Disadvantages of independent experiment Groups

A
  1. Can’t control participant
  2. Need twice as many people
  3. Expensive to run two groups
33
Q

What are repeated measure groups

A

When the same participants take part in each confirm of the iv. Each group contains the same group of participants

34
Q

Strengths of repeated measures

A
  1. No individual differences

2. Few people needed so it saves time

35
Q

Weaknesses of repeated measures

A
  1. One condition may be harder than the other
  2. Easier to guess purpose of the experiment
  3. The order of the conditions may have affect on participants behaviour
36
Q

What is matched pairs

A

Mated up with partner who has same characteristic as you and you are
Split up to do separate experiments

37
Q

strength of match pairs

A
  1. Groups more precise as they both have relevant characteristics. This would work best in groups such as memory experiments
38
Q

disadvantages of matched pairs

A
  1. Very time consuming

2. Would need a large groups