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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

ethics

A

balance between rights if participants and the goals of the research to produce authentic and valid data.

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2
Q

consent

A

Participants must be fully informed about the experiment and their explicit consent must be obtained before it starts

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3
Q

deception

A

Participants should not be deceived as a part of the experiment.

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4
Q

Confidentially

A

participants identities should be kept private and it should not be possible to identify them from the published research.

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5
Q

debriefing

A

After the experiment the participants should have the research fully explained to them and they should be allowed to ask questions. This is important when there’s been deception or when informed consent wasn’t possible.

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6
Q

right to withdraw

A

Participants should have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time. They can also withdraw their data after the experiment.

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7
Q

protection from physical/ psychological harm

A

Participants shouldn’t be harmed or distressed during the experiment.
This must be reflected during the debriefing of participants.

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8
Q

unethical research

A

Research that breaches the guidelines may still be carried out, but in order for this to happen, the psychologist needs to justify why.

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9
Q

aim

A

Statement of what the researchers intend to find out in a research study

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10
Q

Independent variable

A

the thing that changes

is manipulated by the researcher/ changes naturally

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11
Q

Dependant variable

A

the thing that’s measured

any effect on the DV is caused by the IV

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12
Q

directional hypothesis

A

predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
e.g. Adults WILL correctly recall more words than children.

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13
Q

non-directional hypothesis

A

predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
e.g. There WILL BE A DIFFERENCE in how many numbers are correctly recalled by children and adults.

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14
Q

operationalisation

A

the term used to describe how a variable is clearly defined and measured by the researcher.

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15
Q

repeated groups design

A

one group of participants that take part in both conditions

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16
Q

independant groups

A

2 separate groups of participants that take part in different conditions

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17
Q

matched pairs

A

2 separate groups that are matched into pairs for certain qualities, such as age or intelligence.
Each person in the pair takes part in the different conditions

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18
Q

order effects

A

occur in repeated group designs
is where the participants are practiced enough after the first condition to complete the second condition
also is where participants may be tired after the first condition which will then affect their performance on the second condition.
the solution is counterbalancing and randomisation

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19
Q

randomisation

A

participants are randomly assigned to different conditions

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20
Q

extraneous variables

A

anything other than the IV that can influence the results

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21
Q

situational variables

A

type of extraneous variable that’s found in the environment

e.g. noise, light,time,location,temperature

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22
Q

participant variables

A

type of extraneous variable thats found in participants

e.g. motivation levels, moods,skills,experience,fatigue

23
Q

how to control situational variables

A

standardise procedure

counterbalance

24
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants form an interpretation of the experiment’s purpose and unconsciously change their behaviour accordingly

25
Q

how to control demand characteristics

A

deception

single blind- participants are unaware of which condition they’re in

26
Q

experimenter effects

A

a term used to describe subtle cues or signals from an experimenter that affect the performance of participants in studies.

The cues may be unconscious nonverbal cues, such as muscular tension or gestures. They may be vocal cues, such as tone of voice.

27
Q

how to control experimenter variables

A

double blind- Neither the researcher or the participant knows which condition they are in
inter-rater reliability-Independent raters rate same behaviour as researcher – check for agreement

28
Q

field experiments

A

experiment that’s conducted in a real world situation.

the participants are not usually aware that that they are participating in an experiment

29
Q

field experiments advantages

A

finds natural behaviour as it’s in a real life setting.
Able to control some variables and observe effects
Insight into meanings and perceptions held by subjects
subjects not aware of being observed

30
Q

field experiments disadvantages

A

not usually possible to gain informed consent from the participants and it is difficult to debrief the participants.
Impossible to control all variables
Ethical issue of deceit
Depends on skill of observer/selectivity

31
Q

laboratory experiment

A

experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions
allow for precise control of variables.
The purpose of control is to enable the experimenter to ISOLATE the one key variable which has been selected, and observe its effect on some other variable.
control is intended to allow us to conclude that it is the independent variable, and nothing else, which is influencing the dependent variable.

32
Q

Laboratory experiment advantages

A 
controlled environment 
observe variables- cause and effect
removes bias
replicable 
generalisable
33
Q

laboratory experiment disadvantages

A

lacks ecological validity

not true to life as not all of society’s studied

34
Q

natural experiment

A

independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher but occurs naturally.
The DV may be experimented in a laboratory. E.g. Effect of mental illness on employability

35
Q

quasi experiment

A

researcher takes advantage of pre-existing conditions such as age or gender. It is simply a difference between people that exist.

36
Q

observational studies

A

involve watching and recording people’s behaviour.

Usually carried out by observing people’s natural behaviour in their natural environment.

37
Q

why do psychologists use observations

A

to study a particular behaviour – researchers will watch/listen to participants engaging in whatever behaviour is being studied.

to study natural behaviour in a natural setting – a more realistic view/picture.
They can also study behaviours, where it would be unethical to manipulate or which can’t be directly manipulated by the researcher.

38
Q

controlled observations

A

some variables in the environment are regulated by the researcher, reducing the ‘naturalness’ of the environment and consequently the ‘naturalness’ of the behaviour being studied.
Participants are likely to know that they are being studied
Controlled observations may take place in a laboratory.

39
Q

controlled observations disadvantages

A

Demand Characteristics Lacks ecological validity (if done outside of natural environment)

40
Q

naturalistic observations

A

Observing people in their natural environment - High in Ecological validity.
Behaviour is not controlled – people behave freely and are less likely to know that they are being observed.
The researcher does not interfere, they simply observe.
The negative side is that the lack of control leaves room for confounding variables.

41
Q

participant observation

A

observations made by someone who is also participating in the activity being observed. This means that their objectivity may be affected.

may provide special insight

42
Q

non-participant observations

A

researchers do not become actively involved in the behaviour being studied. The observer is separate from the people being observed and simply watches/listens.

objective because they are not part of the group being observed.

43
Q

overt observations

A

participants are aware that they are being observed.

participants have the opportunity to give their informed consent prior to the study – however, they are more prone to demand characteristics/ social desirability bias.

44
Q

covert observations

A

participants are not aware that they are being observed.

participants will behave naturally because they are not aware, however it is intrusive.

45
Q

observer bias

A

observer’s expectations can affect what they see or hear. This reduces the validity of the observation

46
Q

inter-observer reliability

A

two or more observers and how much agreement there is between them is calculated.

47
Q

unstructured observation

A

produce qualitative data.
researchers record the most noticeable behaviours which might not be the most relevant or important behaviours to record and is highly subjective.

48
Q

unstructured observation benefits

A

provides rich information and can be used as a pilot study to see what kind of behaviours can be recorded in the structured system.

49
Q

structured observation

A

provide quantitative data.

where the researcher uses various systems to organise the recording of observations.

50
Q

random sample

A

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

51
Q

systematic sample

A

every nth person is chosen from a list

52
Q

stratified sample

A

proportions of people in population sub groups (strata) are reflected in sample

53
Q

opportunity sample

A

whoever’s available at time of sample’s included

54
Q

volunteer sample

A

participants self-select

Psychology (10 decks)

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