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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mundane realism?

A

Mundane realism is how effectively a study mirrors the real world.

The more realistic it is the easier it can be applied to the population.

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2
Q

What are Extraneous variables?

A

Extraneous variables are things about participants that affect results. (eg. age gender, culture)
Also does not change systematically with the independent variable but may have an affect on the dependent variable.

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3
Q

What is the Confounding variable?

A

Confounding variables are mistakes that the researcher has made(situational factors) (time,location) .

  • They do not vary systematically with the IV.
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4
Q

What is Historical validity?

A

Historical validity is how well you can generalise a study to different time periods.

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5
Q

What is Population validity?

A

Population validity is a type of external validity. Which describes how well the sample can be compared to the population as a whole.

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6
Q

What is External validity?

A

External validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to and across other situations.

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7
Q

What is the Ecological validity?

A

Ecological validity is whether or not the settings in which the study is performed are approximate to the real world.

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8
Q

What are the features of a Lab study?

A

Lab studies tend to :

  • Take place in highly controlled environments
  • Have high internal validity
  • Tend to have low ecological validity
  • Has confounding variables
  • Controlled IV and DV
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9
Q

What are the features of a Field study?

A

Field studies tend to :

  • Take place in a natural environment
  • Manipulate IV and records the effect on the DV
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10
Q

What are the features of the Quasi experiment?

A

Quasi experiments :

  • The IV is based on an existing differences between people
  • IV is not manipulated
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11
Q

What are the features of a Natural experiment?

A

Natural experiments :

- Experimenter cannot manipulate IV so the DV is simply measured and judged as an effect of the IV

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12
Q

What are Independent groups?

A

When participants are randomly placed into different groups so that each group experiences a different level of IV.

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13
Q

What are Repeated measures?

A

Repeated measures is where each participant takes on every condition of the experiment.

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14
Q

What is a Control group?

A

A control group is a group that receives no treatment.

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15
Q

What are the types of Sampling?

A

The types of sampling are :

  • Volunteer
  • Opportunity
  • Random
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
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16
Q

What are Demand characteristics?

A

When the participants take a guess at the experiments purpose therefore compromising validity.

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17
Q

What is an Experimental group?

A

A group that receives treatment.

18
Q

What is Volunteer sampling?

A

Volunteer sampling is where you advertise and accept applicants.

19
Q

What is Opportunity sampling?

A

Opportunity sampling is where you ask whoever is convenient.

20
Q

How is Random Sampling done?

A

Random sampling using a numbering system or computer program.

21
Q

What is Systematic sampling?

A

Systematic sampling is where you use a list and choose the nth person.

22
Q

What is Stratified sampling?

A

Stratified sampling is where you define relevant levels and then randomly select.

23
Q

What is Nominal data?

A

Its a type of data that is used to label variables without providing any quantitative data.

24
Q

What is Ordinal data?

A

Ordinal data is data that is presented in rank order.

25
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

When behaviour is influenced by knowing they are being observed.

26
Q

What is Operationalisation?

A

When you make the data measurable.

27
Q

What are Investigator effects?

A

Investigator effects are where a researcher (consciously or subconsciously)acts in a way to support their prediction.

28
Q

What is Social desirability bias?

A

Social desirability bias is when someone behaves in a certain way that makes them look good.

29
Q

What is Standardisation?

A

Standardisation is the process of making sure all procedures in an experiment are kept the same for all participants.

30
Q

What is the Experimental method?

A

A scientific method involving the manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect.

31
Q

What is Temporal validity?

A

Temporal validity is how well results apply as time goes on.

32
Q

What is Construct validity?

A

How accurate the idea behind the research is. (e.g) MMR jab gives autism (false idea behind research.)

33
Q

Name the wto main types of validity?

A

Internal/External validity.

34
Q

What is Volunteer bias?

A

Volunteer bias is when the subjects who volunteer to take part in the study are somehow different from the general population.

35
Q

What is a matched pairs design?

A

matched pairs is when you use a relevant variable to match people.

36
Q

What is a Pilot study?

A

Small scale test run of study. (looking for possible improvements.)

37
Q

What is a Directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states the expected direction of results. (People who work in front of tv produce LESS work than without.)

38
Q

What is a Non directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states the difference but not the direction. (people who work in front of the tv produce a different amount of work than people who don’t.)

39
Q

What are the 4 key term in BPS (code of ethics)?

A
  • Respect
  • Competence
  • Responsibility
  • Integrity
40
Q

What is Cost- benefit analysis?

A

Weighing up negatives/positives to see if experiment is worth it.

Psychology (11 decks)

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