Psychopathology Flashcards
What is Statistical Infrequency?
Statistical Infrequency is a definition of abnormality. According to this definition, a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society.
What is Cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism is the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it’s viewed in the context of the culture in which it originate.
What is Deviation from social norms?
Abnormal behaviour is seen as deviation from unstated rules about how one ought to behave.
What is DSM?
DSM is a list of mental disorders that is used to diagnosed mental disorders.
What is Deviation from ideal mental health?
- Lack of a positive attitude towards the self
- Lack of resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.
What is Failure to function adequately?
Failure to function adequately is inability to go about their daily life.
What is depression?
Depression is a mood disorder where an individual feels sad and lacks interest in their regular activities.
What is OCD?
An anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from obsessions and compulsions.
What are Phobias?
Phobias are a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to particular stimulus or group of stimuli.
What are the Emotional characteristics of Phobias?
- anxiety
- panic
What are the Behavioural characteristics of Phobias?
- Avoidance
- Freeze/faint
What are the Cognitive characteristics of Phobias?
- Resistance to rational arguments
- Recognition that their phobia is irrational
What are the Emotional characteristics of Depression?
- Sadness/Loss of interest in day to day activities
- Anger
What are the Behavioural characteristics of Depression?
- Shift in activity level
- Agitated/restlessness
- Change in sleeping pattern
What are the Cognitive characteristics of Depression?
- Negative thoughts
- Negative self concept
- Negative view of world
What are the Emotional characteristics of OCD?
- Anxiety
- embarrassment/shame
What are the Cognitive characteristics of OCD?
- Recurrent Obsessions
- Doubts/impulses
What are the Behavioural characteristics of OCD?
- Compulsive behaviours are performed to reduce anxiety
What is the two process model?
A theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias. (Classical and Operant)
What is flooding?
A form of behavioural therapy that is used to treat phobias. A client is exposed to an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed situations until the anxiety reaction stops.
What is Systematic desensitization?
A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders. Works by gradually introducing the person to the fear step by step so it’s not overwhelming.
What is a Schema?
A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. A schema helps an individual to make sense of new information.
What is the ABC model?
A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions
Normal persons abc model vs depressed abc model?
- Activating effect > Rational belief > Healthy emotion
- Activating event > Irrational belief > Unhealthy emotion
Draw the Negative triad?
Negative view of self <> Negative view of the future <> Negative view of the world
What is the Negative triad?
A cognitive approach to depression viewing it as a cycle.
What are the 3 steps of Systematic Desensitisation?
- Counterconditioning (patient is taught to associate phobic stimulus with something else)
- Relaxation (relaxation techniques)
- Desensitisation hierarchy
What is Musturbatory thinking?
Thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true for an individual to be able to function.
Beck said that depressed people had acquired a ________ schema during childhood.
Negative.
What is Cognitive behavioural therapy?
Cognitive behavioural therapy is a way of challenging irrational thoughts and changing behaviour in response to these thoughts.
What are Irrational thoughts?
Irrational thoughts are thoughts that are unrealistic and illogical.
What genes does the biological approach say may cause OCD?
- The COMT gene
- The SERT gene
What is Diathesis stress?
Diathesis stress is the idea that someone can have the OCD genes and not have OCD therefore the person has to have the genes and the certain (stressful environment).
What is Concordance rate?
Concordance rate is a measure of genetic similarity.
What are the different types of drugs used in drug therapy for ocd treatment? (biological approach)
- SSRIs (Prozac)
- Tricyclics (Anafranil)
- Anti anxiety drugs e.g. benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium)
What’s a negative of using drugs to treat OCD?
Side effects. All drugs have side effects, some more severe than others.
What is GABA?
A neurotransmitter that regulates excitement in the nervous system. (natural anxiety reducer.)
What is Noradrenaline?
Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter found in areas of the brain that are responsible for autonomic nervous system activity.
What is Serotonin?
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter implicated in many different behaviours and physiological processes including aggression., eating behaviour, sleep and depression.
Draw Multi store model?
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Draw Working memory model?
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EVALUATE Deviation from social norms?
- Social norms are not stable (e.g. homosexuality)
- Deviance is defined by context
- Gender bias (most research done with men)
