Approaches Flashcards
What is Introspection?
Introspection is the process by which a person gains knowledge about his/her mental state. They do this by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings.
Explain the Scientific method?
The scientific method uses investigative methods that are objective, systematic and reputable.
What is Empiricism?
Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
What was one criticism of Wundt’s contribution to psychology?
One criticism is that his methods were unreliable.
What is Classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is learning through association. A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that eventually it takes on the properties of this stimulus and therefore is able to produce a conditioned response.
What is Operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement. (Positive/Negative)
What do Behaviourists believe?
Behaviourists believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings.
What is Punishment?
Unpleasant consequences following a behaviour.
What is Reinforcement?
Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood it will occur again in the future.
Outline Pavlov’s research?
Dogs. Bell becomes associated with food leading to a conditioned response of salivation to the bell.
What is a Schema?
A Schema is a cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information from the brain.
Why are Schemas useful?
They are useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting huge amounts of information.
Draw the working memory model?
“Insert image here”
What is a Computer model?
When you use a computer analogy as a representation of human cognition.
What are Theoretical models?
Theoretical models are simplified representations of a mental process based on current research evidence.
What does the term “Cognitive” relate to?
The term cognitive relates to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning.
What is Genotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual. A collection of genetic material passed down from generation to generation.
What is a Gene?
A gene is a part of a chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA.
What is Phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an individual.
What is Vicarious reinforcement?
Learning through observing someone else and seeing them being reinforced for a behaviour.
What is Cognitive neuroscience?
An area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions.
Bandura?
Bobo doll.
Skinner?
Rat.
Pavlov?
Dog,food,bell.
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
What is Imitation?
The action of using someone or someone as a model and copying their behaviour.
What is Free will?
Free will is the ability to act at ones own discretion, i.e. to choose how to behave without being influenced by other external forces.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
The motivational theory that is often displayed as a pyramid. The most basic needs are at the bottom and the higher needs are at the top.
What is Self actualisation?
Rogers - The drive to realise one’s true potential.
Maslow - Describes the final stage of his hierarchy of needs.
What is the ‘Self’?
The ‘Self’ is our personal identity, self-image, self-concept.
