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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Holism?

A

Holism is viewing people as indivisible beings consisting of a “self” that can only be studied in context.

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2
Q

What is Reductionism?

A

Reductionism is viewing people as a complex system that consists of many small parts we should study separately.

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3
Q

What are the types of reductionism?

A
  • Biological
  • Environmental
  • Experimental
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4
Q

What are the types of holism?

A
  • Gestalt
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive
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5
Q

What does the Genotype argument in nature suggest?

A

Inherited genetic information that determines who we are.

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6
Q

What does the Evolution argument in nature suggest?

A

The evolution argument in nature suggests that adaptive pressures from natural selection are behind all our characteristics.

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7
Q

What are the two arguments for Nature?

A

Genotype and Evolution.

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8
Q

What are the arguments for Nurture?

A

Behaviourism, social learning theory and environment.

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9
Q

What does the behaviourism nurture argument say?

A

It says that we’re 100% shaped by our experiences.

Phobics must have original trauma.

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10
Q

What does the Social learning theory nurture argument say?

A

It says that our behaviour is learned & reinforced vicariously through observation of role models.

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11
Q

What does the Environment nurture argument say?

A

Our families/friends/school causes behavioural outcomes.

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of gender bias?

A
  • Androcentrism
  • Alpha Bias
  • Beta Bias
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13
Q

Explain Beta gender bias?

A

IGNORING gender differences. Assuming male results apply to females.

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14
Q

Explain Alpha gender bias?

A

EXAGGERATING gender differences. Assuming that male results apply to females.

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15
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Ethnocentrism is over emphasis of one culture/imposing its norms.

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16
Q

What is Cultural relativism?

A

Idea that behavior can’t be judged unless its viewed in the context of the culture that it is performed in.

17
Q

Alpha bias in culture

A

Exaggerating cultural differences.

18
Q

Beta bias in culture.

A

Ignoring cultural differences.

19
Q

Beta

A

Ignoring

20
Q

Alpha

A

Exaggerating

21
Q

What is free will in Psychology?

A

Free will is the ability to make a meaningful choice between possible behaviours. (we can choose point of action)

22
Q

What is Determinism in Psychology?

A

Determinism is the idea that all behaviours depend on situational factors. (behaviour is fixed before point of action)

23
Q

What are the 3 types of determinism?

A

The 3 types of determinism are:

  • Hard determinism
  • Soft determinism
  • Reciprocal determinism
24
Q

Explain Hard determinism in terms of causality?

A

Direct causality (A causes B)

25
Q

Explain Soft determinism in terms of causality?

A

Indirect causality (A causes B, when C is present)

26
Q

Explain Reciprocal determinism in terms of causality?

A

Interactive causality (A,B and C contribute to causing each other)

27
Q

What are the 4 approaches types of determinism?

A

The 4 approaches types of determinism are:

  • Biological determinism
  • Environmental determinism
  • Psychic determinism
  • Scientific determinism
28
Q

What does the Biological determinism say?

A

Biological determinism says that certain genes will make you turn out a certain way.

29
Q

What does the Environmental determinism say?

A

Environmental determinism says that experiences shape who you are and what you do?

30
Q

What does Psychic determinism say?

A

Psychic determinism says that internal unconscious factors decide our behaviour.

31
Q

What does Scientific determinism say?

A

Scientific determinism says that all events must have a cause.

32
Q

What are two arguments for free will?

A
  • The humanistic approach believes in free will

- Moral responsibility is another important free-will argument.

33
Q

What are the features of an Idiographic design?

A
  • Focus on individual and recognises uniqueness
  • Qualitative methods of investigation
  • Private subjective and conscious experiences
34
Q

What are the features of an Nomothetic design?

A
  • Attempts to establish laws and generalisations
  • Objective knowledge through scientific methods
  • Quantitative methods of investigation
35
Q

What are the strengths of a Idiographic design?

A

The strengths of an idiographic design are:

  • Provides a more complete understanding of individual.
  • Satisfies key aim of science
  • Findings can serve as a source of ideas or hypotheses for later study.
  • The focuses mean the individual feels valued and unique.
36
Q

What are the strengths of a nomothetic design?

A

The strengths of a nomothetic design are:

  • Regarded as scientific (precise method)
  • Has helped psychology as a whole become scientific
  • Combines biological and social aspects.

Psychology (11 decks)

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