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AS AQA Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

5 sampling techniques

A 
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteer
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2
Q

Random sample

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
Strength- no researcher bias
Weakness- need a complete list of the whole population

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3
Q

Systematic sample

A

Every nth person is chosen from a list
Strength- no researcher bias
Weakness- need a complete list of the whole population

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4
Q

Stratified sample

A

The proportion of people in population subgroups (strata) are reflected in the sample
Strength- likely to be representative of the whole population
Weakness- difficult to identify different strata sometimes

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5
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Whoever is available at the time of sampling will be included
Strength- convenient
Weakness- could be biased

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6
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Participants self select
Strength- convenient
Weakness- could be biased

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7
Q

List of ethical issues

A 
Deception
Lack of informed consent
Physical or psychological harm
Pressure to continue
Dealing with issues arising in the research
Identifiable participants
Invasion of privacy
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8
Q

List of non-experimental studies

A 
Questionnaires
Interviews
Case studies
Correlational studies
Observations
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9
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A number which tells you how strong an association is and whether it is a positive or negative correlation

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10
Q

Strong negative correlation

A

-1

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11
Q

No correlation

A

0

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12
Q

Strong positive correlation

A

+1

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13
Q

Strength correlational studies

A

See how things are related

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14
Q

Weakness correlational studies

A

Cannot establish cause and effect

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15
Q

4 types of experimental method

A

Quasi
Field
Natural
Lab

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16
Q

Lab experiment

A 
True experiment- the IV is manipulated
Highly controlled conditions- fewer/ no extraneous variables
People could act unnaturally
Low mundane realism
Possible low external validity
17
Q

Field experiment

A

True experiment- the IV is manipulated
Natural environment means lower internal validity
People act more naturally
High mundane realism
Usually high external validity
Might not be able to gain participants consent
No demand characteristics
Possible low internal validity
Could have extraneous/ confounding variables

18
Q

Natural experiment

A 
No manipulation of the IV
Can take place in a lab
High external validity but not for the whole population
Probable low internal validity
Probable confounding variables
19
Q

Quasi experiment

A 
No manipulation of the IV
Often carried out in a lab
Can be confounding variables
Probable high internal validity
Possible low external validity
20
Q

Type of experimental design

A

Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

21
Q

Independent groups

A

Different groups undertake the IV each
Strength- reduces order effects, lower chance of demand characteristics
Weakness- less economical

22
Q

Repeated measures

A

Each participant undertakes every IV
Strength- participant variables are controlled, cheaper
Weakness- order effects (but can use counterbalance), higher chance of demand characteristics

23
Q

Matched pairs

A

Participants are paired together on variables relevant to the experiment, then each member of the group is allocated to the IV
Strength- lower chance of demand characteristics, reduces order effects
Weakness- more expensive, participant variables are not completely controlled

24
Q

Types of consent

A

Presumptive
Prior general
Retrospective

25
Q

Presumptive consent

A

Instead of the participants, a similar group of people are asked if the study is acceptable

26
Q

Prior general consent

A

Participants give their permission to take part in many different studies, including one involving deception

27
Q

Retrospective

A

Participants are asked for their consent having already taken part in the study

AS AQA Psychology (10 decks)

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