Memory Flashcards
The Multi Store Model was created by
Atkinson and Schiffrin
Sensory Register
A stimulus from the environment will pass into the sensory registers
The main two stores in the sensory register are
Iconic and Echoic
Duration of sensory register
Less than half a second
Capacity of sensory register
Very high
To pass from sensory register to STM
Attention must be paid
Capacity of STM (MSM)
5-9 items (7 plus or minus 2)
Duration of STM (MSM)
30 seconds
STM (MSM) coding
Acoustic
To pass from STM to LTM
Rehearsal
Types of rehearsal
Maintenance
Elaborative
Capacity of LTM (MSM)
Unlimited
Duration of LTM (MSM)
Life
LTM (MSM) coding
Semantic
To be recalled
Has to be transferred back to STM from LTM
Transferred to STM from LTM
Retrieval
Came up with the types of LTM
Tulving
The three types of LTM
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Episodic memory
Our ability to recall events from our lives
Time-stamped
Semantic memory
Our knowledge of the world
Not time-stamped
Procedural memory
Our memory for actions and skills
Can recall without conscious awareness or a lot of effort
Working memory model describes
Short term memory
Parts of WMM
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Central executive
Monitors incoming data, makes decisions, and allocates slave systems to tasks
Limited processing capacity
Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information and preserves the order in which information arrives
Phonological store stores the words you hear
Articulatory process allows maintenance rehearsal, capacity is about 2 seconds of what you could say
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Stores visual and spatial information
Limited capacity, about 3 or 4 objects according to Baddeley
Visual cache stores visual data
Inner scribe records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
Episodic buffer
Temporary store for information Integrates the visual, spatial and verbal information processed by the other stores Maintains a sense of time sequencing Storage component of the CE Limited capacity of about 4 chunks Links working memory to LTM
Types of interference
Proactive
Retroactive
Proactive interference
Occurs when an older memory interferes with a newer one
Retroactive interference
Occurs when a newer memory interferes with an older one
Interference occurs in
LTM
The encoding specificity principle was discovered by
Tulving
ESP
If a cue is to help us recall information it has to be present at encoding and at retrieval.
If the cues available at encoding and retrieval are different there will be some forgetting
Types of cues
External cues- context dependent forgetting
Internal cues- state dependent cues
Cognitive interview was invented by
Fisher and Geiselman
Cognitive interview
- Report everything
- Reinstate the context
- Reverse the order
- Change the perspective
Schema
What is expected in a scenario
Enhanced cognitive interview
Focuses on the social dynamics:
- When to establish eye contact and when not to
- Reducing eyewitness anxiety
- Minimising distractions
- Getting the witness to speak slowly
- Asking open ended questions
