Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

How can Operationalising be used to create reliable results

A

It means to be specific and clear when defining questions in questionnaires or interviews so they’re easier to measure , if questions aren’t vague it won’t be possible to repeat the research to get consistent results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Assessing the validity of self reports
Assessing the reliability of self reports

A

Face validity and concurrent validity
Test retest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theory of construction - feature of science

A
  1. Help us organise facts about observable behaviours
  2. Theories must generate testable hypothesis
    Theories should be falsifiable and open to challenge,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eg Froids theory

A

Is untestable therefore it’s unfalsiable therefore it’s unscientific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deduction method of theory construction - fesuture of science

A

Observation leads to theory, this leads to hypothesis , then a study to test the hypothesis and u can then draw conclusions about ur Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothesis testing - feature of science

A

Testing hypothesis involves making a prediction of the outcome , the outcome of study , by testing the hypothesis this allows us to establish a cause and affect relationship
If hypothesis isn’t supported the theory will be refined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Feature of science - empirical methods

A

Emphasises importance of data collection, based on sensory experience the only way we can know if something is true is by testing it directly (eg pavlov bc he measured the amount of the saliva released by dogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Feature of science - objectivity

A

If study is objective the findings are factual and unaffected by bias , conditions should be controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Replicability - feature of science

A

The extent to which findings (and experiments) can be reproduced by another researcher
High replicability improves validity
Replication also increases generalisability of findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Feature of science - paradigm

A

Paradigm is a shared set of assumptions , psychology is made. Up of many paradigms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paradigm shift - feature of science

A

The Scientific community changes from one set of assumptions to another (scientific revolution)
-may be due to new or contradictory evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to carry out test retest
Question could be - how can the reliability of a self report measure be assessed

A
  1. All pptps sit questionnaire
  2. Time delay of 2 weeks
  3. Same pptps take part in same questionnaire
  4. Compare both sets of results displayed on a scatter gram, analyse using appropriate inferential test
    0.8+ above = reliable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can the validity of a self report be assessed using concurrent validity

A
  1. PPTPs take part in questionnaire
  2. Compare results on questionnaire already established for validity
  3. Compare and correlate results using appropriate inferential test . 0.8+ or higher = validity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is face validity

A

Expert in area looks at measure
Eg questions to see if they appear to be measuring what they set out to measure
. If researcher says it does then it does have face validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s temporal validity

A

refers to the extent to which the findings of a study or theory remain true over time.
Eg old studies will lack temporal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s primary data

A
  • collected First hand data
  • specific to aim of the study
17
Q

What’s a weakness of using a questionnaire to measure personality

A

Social desirability bias

18
Q

What is included in a consent form

A
  • it’s given before a study
    -follows a set format , date and signed
  • aim of study
    -time and task
  • ethics
    -any questions
19
Q

there are 2 ways of analysing qualitative data what are they?

A

content - convert qualitative data to quantitative, done by identifying codes that can be counted, enabling us to present the data in a graph
thematic - analysing qualitative data by identifying emergent themes and presenting the data in a qualitative format

20
Q

how is content analysis worked out

A

read transcript (or whatever qualitative data is shown)
create coding categories to sort content into (provide an example of a relevant category) MUST!
re read sections of recording and tally every time each code appears
present quantitative data in table/graph

21
Q

how is thematic analysis worked out

A
  1. create a transcript of qualitative data
  2. read and re read transcript
  3. identify emerging trends
  4. combine these themes into 3-4 overall themes
  5. present data into a qualitative format
22
Q

Ao3 of thematic analysis

A

:) provides much greater detail than content analysis
:( because it can provide such flexible view points it can be difficult to decide which aspects of the data to concentrate on

23
Q

How can content analysis be assessed for its reliability

A

Test retest and inter rater reliability

24
Q

How can content analysis be assessed for its reliability using inter rater reliability

A

Raters separately read thru qualitative data and create coding categories tog
Raters read exact same content but record occurrences of categories separately
They compare tallies from both Raters which r correlated using a stats test
0.8+ means high reliability

25
Q
  1. What control would be used for independent groups design
  2. What control would be used for repeated measures design
A
  1. Random allocation
    2.
26
Q

What are Type 1 errors

What’s a type 2 error

A

U Wrongly accept the alternate hypothesis when really the results are due to chance or extraneous variables

U wrongly accept the null hypothesis when really the results are real / genuine, this is more likey with a lenient P value . Eg p=0.10 this type 2 is more likely with a stringent (strict) p value .

27
Q

What’s the standard p value in pyschology

A

0.05

28
Q

How can the reliability of an observation be assessed through inter observer reliability

A
29
Q

Explain one weakness of time sampling.

A

Behaviours which occur infrequently may be missed. Therefore time sampling may not provide a representative record of the behaviour being observed.