Misconceptions Flashcards
In repeated measures there are three types of order effects what are they
Feeling bored, getting better , one condition may have a lasting effect on the other
What is counterbalancing
The partial solution to correcting order affects
How can counterbalancing take place
Eg Split group of 20 into two groups of 10 and each half would do a diff condition each
How do you write a non directional hypothesis
Identify iv and dv
Has iv been manipulated by research if YES its a lab/field if NO then its quasi / natural
There will be a significantly higher (dv)
What’s a limitation of a self report
Prone to social desirability bias , therefore lowering internal validity
Explain a disadv of using quantitative data
Only numerical data can be given so it’s not as in depth as quantitative data which would involve descriptions
What’s inter observer reliability
Why is it important?
How can results be recorded?
The degree of agreement between 2 or more observers. High inter observer reliability means multiple observers have recorded the same behaviours.
-ensures data collected isn’t biased by the subjective views of individual observers
- behaviours can be recorded on a tally chart by each observer .tallys then compared to check for agreement using an Inferential test
-0.8+ = inter observer reliability
What’s ordinal data
Intervals between scoring system aren’t fixed
Can be ranked and is subjective
What’s event sampling and ao3
Tally beh eveytime u see it
May miss certain behaviours, but it’s very effective when when studying specific beh
What is meant by economic implications on psychological research
It refers to the potential financial impacts findings may have on individuals and society
Economic implications for healthcare services
Providing effective treatments could be a financial burden to the NHS which is already under huge financial pressure . Eg the creation of CBT means a therapist is needed on a 1:1 basis for 15-20 sessions which can lead to big costs
However if ppl r healthier it means more NHS resources available for ppl w other conditions
Economic implications for broader economic growth
Major psychological research can attract investment from over seas into scientific research and healthcare innovation
If people are more productive/healthier and can contribute to the economy it means
Less time of work due to sickness (absenteeism) meaning statutory sick pay doesn’t have to be paid by the employer
-absences from work cost 15 bill in the uk per yr
What’s a debrief (if ur not asked to write a consent form u can be asked to write a debrief , and if neither of these come up u must design a study)
-given to pptps after the study has taken place
Thank the participants for taking part
• Include the aim of the research (true nature of the study)
• Explain why it was important to deceive them to avoid demand characteristics (if that’s the case)
• say they have a right to withdraw their data and all data is confidential
• Reassure them their behaviour is normal, offer them after care e g. counselling. (if necessary)
• Ask participants if they have questions
- in independent conditions were used then u must inform them of the condition they didn’t take part in
When doing a pilot study what key things can u look out for
-Extraneous variables , identify and eliminate , eg r the cctv cameras working and positioned correctly
-look at if the time duration is too long or short to eg record beh categories
- are pptps understanding their task
Why does reference exist
To avoid plajorism
How to reference an article
Author name (surname, initial e.g. Gardiner-Earl, RE) - date (1995) - title of article, journal title, volume, issue number, page numbers.
How to reference a book
Referencing a book = Author name (surname, initial e.g. Rai, P) date
(1986) title of book, place of publication, publisher.
What’s peer review
Peer review involves a report being sent for anonymous independent
scrutiny by other experts in the same field of psychology (peers).
• These peers assess the work for its significance, originality and
validity. SOV
• This process takes place before a research study is published
What’s the importance of peer review
Peer review ensures that the quality of research is high and that
published research can be taken seriously.
• It also increases the probability of errors or weaknesses being
identified
What processes are involved in peer review
- Recommendations about whether the research should be
published in the public domain or not
• check the validity of the research to ensure it is of a high quality.
• assess the appropriateness of the procedure and methodology.
• To judge the significance of the research in the wider context of human
behaviour* this is different to only allowing work to be published which is
statistically significant.
• To assess the work for originality
• To inform allocation of research funding for research proposals.
MUST LINK THESE TO THR SCENARIO
Really views are so overrated
Ao3 of peer review
:( Since the peer reviewers are often anonymous in their reporting on the academic research, there is a possibility that they will use this fact as a means to criticise rivals in their field of
psychology.reducing potential funding
:) less opportunity for plagiarised work to be published
Why’s it necessary to break ethical guidelines in psychological research
Ao3 for ethical issues in pysch
Reduces demand characteristics
Deceiving pptps in milgrims study meant we learnt much more about historical events such as the holocaust and why so much nazi soldiers obeyed the authority figures
Paper 1 imposed Etic used as a critism for strange situation
A tool or method is developed in one culture and used to judge the beh in other cultures
What’s a rule with correlation
IMPORTANT
You can’t establish cause and effect with a correlation because other factors could be causing the relationship , eg stress, a third untested variable can effect results
However you can establish cause and effect
Cause = iv
Effect = dv
With experiments
Iv could effect
Confounding variable has affected
The dv
The dv
