research methods Flashcards
aim
the purpose of the study
dependent varaibe
thing that u are measuring
independent variabke
the thung that is chnagung
operalistaional
making the variables more precise and accuarte
hypotheus
testable statemnt and a realtionship between two variables
alterantive hypotheus
there is a relationship between variables
null
there is no relationship
what is the acuse and effect
the only that chnages dv is due to the iv
what are the EVS
is an extra variable that affects the chnage of the dv if ot controlled
what are the standarused procedures
giving the same informationation and instructions to everyone so the EVS are controlled .
what is randoministaion
using a chance a random method to reduce bias
whta is the target population
goup of beng people being studied
what is the sample
sample can be chosen from the target population . the group of people that the resaerxher intrested in
random sampling
every person has an equal chance of ebing selected
takes alpt of effeort
reduces bias
oppurtunity sampling
selecting the partciapnt who are avaialbe
less time so quiic
no genarlistaion
systematic
using a numerical formual
reduces bias
but not that repressantive
satrified
selecting particpant in relation to their frequnce of target population
the most represenatuve
takes a lot of time
labortory
is a controlled enviroment , it controls extraneous variables and uses standarised procedures so that proces hugh valiidty resukts .
one weakness is particoant know they are being studies and so they might chnage their behavior so thta produces less valuable
field experiment
is when the iv is manipulated by the reaercher
one strength is that it better tahn labartory because particapnt dont know they are being studies ….
one weakness us that controlling the extranus can be diffcult also there is lots of ethicsl issues
natural experiment
is when the iv is not manipulated by the experimenter
and so one strength it produces valid result as it involves real world variable
one wekaness is that there is less oppurtunites so less chnaces of doung tje experminets …
what is exoermiental designs
is the differnt ways the participant are organised in relation to the condition of the experiment
indepernt group
is sectioned into two group each group is exposed to a differnt level of the iv
order effects is not a problem but
partaicpant varaiable can be a problem …
this can be fixed by allocaton to condition ….
repeated measures
is wheb all the particpant are exposed to all of the iv
paraticpant variable is not a problem …
requires few partcipants
order effects is a problem so then they use counterbalamcing …
matched pairs
each perosn from the pair is exposed to a ocndition
order effect is not a probelms
but it takes a lot of time
what is an ethical issue
is the conflict in the particpats rughts and the valuable results that the researcher wnats to get
what is informed conesent and how can u deal with it
informed consent is when the particaont shoulkd know the purpose of te study and what about
the researcher should give them a letter
…
deception
particpant hsould be lied or misled by the aims of te study …
privacy
partcipant shoud able to control the information about tjemsevels
confidentality
the data should be protected and particpant shpuld stay annoynum
what is the BPS guidelines
its a code conducted for UK psusholgiscts to follow
what are the two types of data that we can collect
quantitauve and qualitative
what is quantitave
the data is in numbers …
qualittaive
the data is in form of words
A03 for quantiatve
one strength easy to analyse , draw conclusions easier , can be interpreted into graphs
one wekaness it lacks qualittaive and depth of thhe particpant thoughts so its not that valid
A03 FOR QUALITATIEV
one strength is that it has high valididty and so it has in depth of thoughts and feelings
one wekaness its hard to analyse as you can get so much infor
what is primary data
primary data is data obtained by first hand the researhxer dies eveyrthung
seconday data
the data is second hand it akreadsy exists
A03 for primary
one strength is that it suits the aims of the researcher ….
one weakness is that takes alot of time …
A03 fir secondary
one strentg it doesnt take a lot of time …
one weakness it odesnt suit the aims of the reaesrcer
what is correlations
the reelationsip between two co variables
correlation can be interpreted in wich graph
scatter digram
A03 for coreltaion
one strength uts good point for reaserch and future deas …
one weakness is that it deosnt show hoe the ci varauavbe are relted
what is an interview
its a face to face converstaion between the interviee and the intervie
types of interviwew
semi structues
structured
unstructured
intervews is an open or closed data
an open it can be a range of answers
A03 INTERVIEWS
one strength it give information to people who find it ard to express their emotuion …
one wekaness is that some people may feel uncomfortablee
what is a questionaiee
its like s surevey with closed question a fixed range of answers and it produces quantiavte dtaa
A03 for questioniere
one strength it obtain information faster
one weakness is that people may not answer truthfully …
what is a case study
its an indepth invertsigation about a perosn or something
they are longituidnal theyw nat to see how the behaviour chnages over time
and produces lots of qualittaive data
A03 for case studies
one strength the reaserachers a reopen minded ….
one wekaness its subjetve …
whats an observation
where the researcher record and observes the pasrtcipant behaviotu
whats natuarl observation
where t would ormally occcur and n chnage
contorlled
the researcher chnages some things
covert vs overt
covert : partciant are not aware
overt ; partcipant are aware
partcipant vs non partcipant
partcipant is when the raesercher insert himself with the group
non partcpant is wjere the reaesrcher exceuded himself
what is categories of behavior
is when u have a targegetd behavor is then split into units so they canbe observed
interobserver reliablity
is an agreement between two researchers to look at the same sequnece of behavior
A03 FOR OBSERVATION STDUIES
one strenth it has high validity . the partcipant will nto chnage thei behavior and so that produces a higher validity eslts than other
one wekaness is that ethical issues …
what is reliabilty
its te meaure of consistency
does qualituve or quantitve tend to be reliable
quantitave tends to be more reliable like types of eperiment ( labortory experiment )
why does labortory experiment viewed as a reliable method
as its very controlled it can be repeated very easily
uses stamdarised procedures
controls EV
why does fied experiment is not reliable
loses control over the EV so reliablity can be diffcut
how does reliabilty works in interviewes and quetsionere
interviews : the same perosn needs to ansswer the same answer when they were questioned before if not then its not reliable
questionaie because its closed questione it will be more reliable
reliabilty in observation studies
interobserver reliabilty : is whentwo researchers have an agreeemnet to look at the same sequece of behavior
what about reiabulity in qualittave
qualitave are less reliable
case studes are diffult to repeated even with unstructured interviews
what is valididty
the results “ refelcts “ to whats really out there
sampling methods in validity ?
the representaiveness sis low in opuuritunity sampling but hig in starified sampling
experimental desgns - validity
repeated meaures should be dealth with counterbalacing
independent groups : allocation to conditin
validity in quanitiavtve
laborotry there s high control but the parcipants awarness that they are being studdied chalnge validity
field can sometimes lose control over EV but it seen more natural
questionieress have a low validity
qualittauve methods validity
case studies are tend to be valid as they give a deeper insight and thoughts
but can be dffucluty to analyse
