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research methods Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are lab experiments?

A

a hypothesis is tested in a controlled artifical condition

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2
Q

what are controlled groups?

A

characteristics of a group stays the same

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3
Q

what are experimental groups?

A

characteristics of the group are changed

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4
Q

what are the advantage of lab experiments?

A
  1. casual relationship - establish cause and effect relationship and see why people act in certain ways
  2. replication - other researchers should be able to repeat and obtain the same results from the experiment
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5
Q

what are the 4 disadvantage to lab experiments?

A
  1. the hawthorne effect - people change their behaviour because they know they are being experimented on
  2. not representative - small scale
  3. experimenter bias - people may tend to act in terms of how they thing others expect
  4. ethical problems - consent has to be gained in particular with vulnerable groups
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6
Q

what are the **disadvantage **to lab experiments in contexts to education?

A
  1. ethical problems - psychological harm and lack on informed consent
  2. narrow focus - examining only one specific aspect of teacher expectation
  3. pracical issue - many variables may affect teachers expectation
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7
Q

what are field experiments?

A

conducted in normal social situations

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8
Q

what are the advantage of field experiments?

A
  1. reduce hawthorne effect
  2. valid
  3. easy to repeat
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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of field experiments?

A
  1. ethical issues - psychological harm
  2. practical issue - difficult to access
  3. **not reliable **- variables not controlled
  4. not representative - one school
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10
Q

what are postal questions?

A

postal questions are questionnaires sent to the house of the respondent

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11
Q

what is face to face interviews?

A

face to face interviews is whent he researcher ask a standardised set of questions from a questionnaire for the respondent to respond to

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12
Q

why does positivist favour questionnaires?

A
  1. representative and reliable
  2. anonymous
  3. time and cost effective
  4. test a hypothesis
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13
Q

why does interpretivists reject questionnaire?

A
  1. not valid + misunderstand meaning
  2. no verstehen
  3. not subjective
  4. low response rate
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14
Q

what is sampling?

A

sample selected from a sample frame

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15
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

prediction about a topic - Through research, the hypothesis is tested and either proven or refuted.

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16
Q

what are focus groups?

A

small semi structured observation - conversations that can be observed

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17
Q

what are the advantage of focus groups?

A
  1. in depth data
  2. valid
  3. written
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18
Q

what are the disadvantage of focus groups?

A
  1. too small
  2. hawthorne effect
  3. not representative
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19
Q

what is a pilot study?

A

a trial run before the real research is carried out

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20
Q

what are the advantage of pilot study?

A
  1. can check for errors
  2. save time and cost
21
Q

what is random sampling?

A

random sampling is when every member of the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected

  • representative
22
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

systematic sampling selects people from the sample by choosing every 5th or 10th or whatever sampling unit

  • representative
23
Q

what is quota sampling?

A

quota sampling is the quota of people with different characteristics

  • representative
24
Q

what is snowball sampling?

A

snowball samping is when the researcher find someone who fits the bill, then they are asked to find another

- not representative

25
Q

what is oppotunity sampling?

A

oppotunity sampling is when the researcher quickly selects there sample by captive audience (on the spot)

  • not representative
26
Q

what are structured interviews?

A

structured interviews is when the interviewer ask a standardised set of questions to the interviewee

27
Q

what are the advantage of structured interviews?

A
  • standardised
  • reliable
28
Q

what are the disadvantage of structured interviews?

A
  • lack of depth
  • time consuming
  • cant check understanding
29
Q

what is unstructured interview?

A

unstructured interviews is when the interviewer ask questions with follow up questions to the interviewee

30
Q

what is the advantage of unstructured interviews?

A
  • sensitive groups
  • build a rapport
  • valid and in depth
  • discover meaning, attitude, opinions etc
31
Q

what are the disadvantage of unstructured interviews?

A
  • interview bias
  • cant compare
  • may not be sociological
32
Q

what is a group interview?

A

group interviews is when the interviewer ask questions with follow up questions to the group of interviewee

33
Q

what are the advantage of group interviews?

A
  • build a rapport
  • increase validity
34
Q

what are the disadvantage of group interviews?

A
  • off the topic
  • characteristics
  • sensitive issue - not comfortable to talk about in a group
35
Q

what are the practical issues of interviewing pupils?

A
  • psychological harm
  • limit in vocab
  • interview act as a teacher in disguise
36
Q

how to improve the validity of interviews with pupil?

A
  • use open ended questions
  • dont interrupt pupils answer
  • avoid repeating questions - child might think their first answer was wrong
37
Q

what is observation?

A

observation is a method in which researchers study the ongoing behaviour of their participants

38
Q

what is non participant observation?

A

non participant observation is when the researcher studies their subjects from the sidelines - they don’t participate into the lives of the group they are studying.

39
Q

what is participant observation?

A

participant observation is researcher integrates themselves into a group to study their way of life etc

40
Q

what is covert observation?

A

research participants don’t know who the researcher is.

41
Q

what is overt observation?

A

the research participants are all aware of the researcher’s presence and their role as an observer.

42
Q

why does interpretivists favour participant observation?

A
  • valid
  • verstehen
  • subjective (based on feelings not facts)
43
Q

why does positivists reject participants observation?

A
  • not objective
  • time and cost
  • not reliable
44
Q

advantage of overt?

A
  • ethical
  • can take notes
45
Q

advantage of covert?

A
  • reduce hawthorne effect
  • valid data
46
Q

disadvantage of overt?

A
  • hawthorne effect
  • time consuming
47
Q

disadvantage of covert?

A
  • ethical - deception
  • blow cover - danger
48
Q

what are the advantages of using observation in context to education?

A
  • valid
  • verstehen
  • indepth data
49
Q

what are the disadvantages of using observation in context to education?

A
  • ethnical issues - not appropiate to research young people
  • disguises in covert - deception
  • lack of reliability
  • hawthorne effect

sociology a level education (8 decks)

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