eduational difference in class

Question 1

what is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

lack of basic skills, values and attitude gained from primary socialisation

Question 2

what is the intellectual development for w/c?

Answer 2

w/c pupils lack books to stimulate child’s intellectual development

Question 3

bernstein and young research on intellectual development.

Answer 3

bernstein and young: m/c mothers are more likely to buy educational toys for their child’s intellectual development to encourage reasoning skills resulting in them having higher IQs in high school

Question 4

what is the intellectual development for *m/c?

Answer 4

m/c pupil have educational toys to stimulate their intellectual development

Question 5

the language code w/c develop?

Answer 5

the restricted code - use gestures, single words or disjointed phrases, limited vocab

Question 6

the language code the m/c develops?

Answer 6

the elaborated code - wider vocab, complex sentences good reasoning and communication skills

Question 7

bernstein argue on language

Answer 7

bernstein: language used by the w/c is different to the language used by the m/c

Question 8

what attitudes and values does the w/c have?

Answer 8

they have the immediate gratification (live for the moment) and doesn’t value education as much as the m/c

Question 9

what attitudes and values does the m/c have?

Answer 9

they have deferred gratification (save for the future and spend wisely) values education more than the w/c and has self control

Question 10

what is the myth of cultural deprivation?

Answer 10

Kiddie - w/c children are not culturally deprived but culturally different

education system dominated by m/c values - an ethnocentric curriculum

Question 11

what housing problems does w/c pupil face?

Answer 11

Flaherty - overcrowded housing means that they can get ill easier and quickly resulting in skipping school* and thus underachieving

no space* to work and study

Question 12

what health and diet problems does the w/c pupil have?

Answer 12

Howard - w/c pupils are likely to have poor diets and low intake resulting in them not having the energy to study and learn. this can cause them to get ill, skip school
and underachieve

Question 13

what financial problems does the w/c face?

Answer 13

Bull - ‘the cost of free schooling’ means to pay for the equipment and resources for free school

Waldforgal and Washbrook - * low income is likely to mean that they can’t afford tuition or transport or internet*

Question 14

what is cultural capital?

Answer 14

Bourdieu - pupils need both cultural and material factors to educationally achieve

It is to have the knowledge, wealth, skills and values
education system is not neutral as the curriculum is ethnocentric so M/C children succeed more than W/C

Question 15

Sullivans research on cultural capital

Answer 15

Sullivans research method: questionnaires
465 pupils to 4 schools to assess their favourite activities

found those who took part in complex activities had more cultural capital and were m/c, were top set and did better.

Question 16

what is marketisation?

Answer 16

process of introducing parental choice and competition between schools as the power shifts from state control to parents.

Question 17

Gewirtz research on marketisation

Answer 17

Gewirtz research method: unstructured interviews in 14 London schools with teachers and parents + analysed documents (applications)

m/c families with cultural capital took advantage of opportunities for their child’s education (pick the best schools)

document can be socially constructed and thus not reliable but is representative

Question 18

what is the compensatory education?

Answer 18

provide extra finance and resources to schools and communities in deprived areas

Question 19

what is sure start?

Answer 19

help parents to socialise their child to healthy eating, improve literacy etc
(closed due to a lack of funding)

Question 20

what is the operation head start?

Answer 20

us funding millions to pre schools to enable home visits and educational psychologist

Question 21

what is the educational priority zone?

Answer 21

provide funds for free school meals, trips facilities etc

Question 22

Beckers research on labelling

Answer 22

Beckers research method: unstructured interviews with 60 Chicago school teachers and found that the teachers judge students according to their ‘ideal pupil’

Question 23

Keddies research on streaming

Answer 23

Keddies research method: overt observation of comprehensive schools with streaming and found that teachers provide more knowledge to higher streams (m/c) that w/c didn’t get

observation bias - only looked at comprehensive schools

Question 24

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research on the self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 24

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research method: a field experiment in one primary school on ‘spurts’ - 20% of students chosen as spurts out of the class and 47% of the spurts improved

Question 25

what is **streaming**?

Answer 25

**Becker** - *w/c pupils not seen as the '**ideal type'*** are placed in lower educational triage and streams *separating children* into different ability groups or sets for **all subjects**

Question 26

what is **setting**?

Answer 26

gilborn and youdell - streaming led to educational triage (sorting pupil inn to categories once lavelled) *separating children* into different ability groups or sets for **some subjects**

Question 27

what is **pupil subculture**?

Answer 27

group of pupil who *share similar values, norms and behaviour*, emerge due to labelling and streaming

Question 28

**Lacey** research on ***pupil subculture***

Answer 28

**Lacey** research method: **covert observation** (act like a teacher) - in grammar schools streaming influences ***boys into either pro or anti-school subculture due to teachers differentiating students*** not representative

Question 29

what is **habitus**?

Answer 29

**Archer** - habitus refers to the *learned ways of acting/thinking stemming from social class and socialisation.* *w/c value less on intellectual activities* - adopt values different to the education system = anti-school subculture.

Question 30

what is the **symbolic violence**?

Answer 30

schools devalue w/c habitus causing a **clash between their values and school values** creating a symbolic violence through dress code etc

Question 31

what is the **symbolic capital**?

Answer 31

**Bourdieu** - its the **m/c pupil** who has **leisure activities that** ***gives them status, value or recognition by schools*** (deferred gratification etc)

Question 32

**what are the critiques of the labelling theory?**

Answer 32

**ball - found when schools abolish banding, the basis ofor pupils to develop subultural groups also banish** **labelling theory is deterministic - people can reject their label** **according to Marxists, it *ignores the wider structure of power within (teachers work in a system that reproduces class division)*** **teachers are *pressurised to produce the best results - pay attention to those students that can achieve (m/c)***

Question 33

**Fullers research on the rejection of the labelling theory**

Answer 33

**fullers research method: used questionnaires and unstructured interviews on year 11 black girls who were labelled but were high achievers**

Question 34

**what is fatalism?**

Answer 34

**nothing can be done to change a law status position**

Question 35

**what is collectivism?**

Answer 35

**being part of subculture more than being an individual**

Question 36

**what is present-time orientation?**

Answer 36

**seeing now as more important than the future**

Question 37

**what is material deprivation?**

Answer 37

**refers to a lack of the correct material/resources to succeed in education**

Question 38

**what is labelling?**

Answer 38

**attaching a meaning or definition to them teachers label pupil in particular way whih influences their educational achievement**

Question 39

**what is self fulfilling prophecy?**

Answer 39

**when a student is labellled by a teacher and the student lives up to the label attached to them**

Question 40

**what is differentiation?**

Answer 40

**the process of teachers catergorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, behaviour and attitude, resulting in different wokr provided or streaming**

Question 41

**what is polarisation?**

Answer 41

**the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving one of two opposite poles**

Question 42

**how can you evaluate symbolic violence?**

Answer 42

**not all W/C students are socialised into a habitus of immediate gratification - very stereotypial and they some may symbolically resist and develop into a subculture due to material deprivation**

Question 43

**what is funding formula?**

Answer 43

**each school is given money per student**

Question 44

**what are league tables used for?**

Answer 44

*a list of schools in hierarchal order* **gilborn and youdell - M/C parents use their symbolic capital to check which schools are the best in their borough**

Question 45

**how can you evaluate funding formula?**

Answer 45

**many schools have turned into academies and are turning their image around attracting children from M/C and W/C backgrounds increasing funds**

Question 46

**how can you evaluate league tables?**

Answer 46

**LEA gets to decide which school children goes to accordng to your catchment area preventing W/C students from going to the best schools**