eduational difference in class

Question 1

what is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

lack of basic skills, values and attitude gained from primary socialisation

Question 2

what is the intellectual development for w/c?

Answer 2

w/c pupils lack books to stimulate child’s intellectual development

Question 3

bernstein and young research on intellectual development.

Answer 3

bernstein and young: m/c mothers are more likely to buy educational toys for their child’s intellectual development to encourage reasoning skills resulting in them having higher IQs in high school

Question 4

what is the intellectual development for *m/c?

Answer 4

m/c pupil have educational toys to stimulate their intellectual development

Question 5

the language code w/c develop?

Answer 5

the restricted code - use gestures, single words or disjointed phrases, limited vocab

Question 6

the language code the m/c develops?

Answer 6

the elaborated code - wider vocab, complex sentences good reasoning and communication skills

Question 7

bernstein argue on language

Answer 7

bernstein: language used by the w/c is different to the language used by the m/c

Question 8

what attitudes and values does the w/c have?

Answer 8

they have the immediate gratification (live for the moment) and doesn’t value education as much as the m/c

Question 9

what attitudes and values does the m/c have?

Answer 9

they have deferred gratification (save for the future and spend wisely) values education more than the w/c and has self control

Question 10

what is the myth of cultural deprivation?

Answer 10

Kiddie - w/c children are not culturally deprived but culturally different

education system dominated by m/c values - an ethnocentric curriculum

Question 11

what housing problems does w/c pupil face?

Answer 11

Flaherty - overcrowded housing means that they can get ill easier and quickly resulting in skipping school* and thus underachieving

no space* to work and study

Question 12

what health and diet problems does the w/c pupil have?

Answer 12

Howard - w/c pupils are likely to have poor diets and low intake resulting in them not having the energy to study and learn. this can cause them to get ill, skip school
and underachieve

Question 13

what financial problems does the w/c face?

Answer 13

Bull - ‘the cost of free schooling’ means to pay for the equipment and resources for free school

Waldforgal and Washbrook - * low income is likely to mean that they can’t afford tuition or transport or internet*

Question 14

what is cultural capital?

Answer 14

Bourdieu - pupils need both cultural and material factors to educationally achieve

It is to have the knowledge, wealth, skills and values
education system is not neutral as the curriculum is ethnocentric so M/C children succeed more than W/C

Question 15

Sullivans research on cultural capital

Answer 15

Sullivans research method: questionnaires
465 pupils to 4 schools to assess their favourite activities

found those who took part in complex activities had more cultural capital and were m/c, were top set and did better.

Question 16

what is marketisation?

Answer 16

process of introducing parental choice and competition between schools as the power shifts from state control to parents.

Question 17

Gewirtz research on marketisation

Answer 17

Gewirtz research method: unstructured interviews in 14 London schools with teachers and parents + analysed documents (applications)

m/c families with cultural capital took advantage of opportunities for their child’s education (pick the best schools)

document can be socially constructed and thus not reliable but is representative

Question 18

what is the compensatory education?

Answer 18

provide extra finance and resources to schools and communities in deprived areas

Question 19

what is sure start?

Answer 19

help parents to socialise their child to healthy eating, improve literacy etc
(closed due to a lack of funding)

Question 20

what is the operation head start?

Answer 20

us funding millions to pre schools to enable home visits and educational psychologist

Question 21

what is the educational priority zone?

Answer 21

provide funds for free school meals, trips facilities etc

Question 22

Beckers research on labelling

Answer 22

Beckers research method: unstructured interviews with 60 Chicago school teachers and found that the teachers judge students according to their ‘ideal pupil’

Question 23

Keddies research on streaming

Answer 23

Keddies research method: overt observation of comprehensive schools with streaming and found that teachers provide more knowledge to higher streams (m/c) that w/c didn’t get

observation bias - only looked at comprehensive schools

Question 24

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research on the self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 24

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research method: a field experiment in one primary school on ‘spurts’ - 20% of students chosen as spurts out of the class and 47% of the spurts improved

Question 25

what is streaming?

Answer 25

Becker - w/c pupils not seen as the ‘ideal type’ are placed in lower educational triage and streams
separating children into different ability groups or sets for all subjects

Question 26

what is setting?

Answer 26

gilborn and youdell - streaming led to educational triage (sorting pupil inn to categories once lavelled)
separating children into different ability groups or sets for some subjects

Question 27

what is pupil subculture?

Answer 27

group of pupil who share similar values, norms and behaviour, emerge due to labelling and streaming

Question 28

Lacey research on pupil subculture

Answer 28

Lacey research method: covert observation (act like a teacher) - in grammar schools streaming influences boys into either pro or anti-school subculture due to teachers differentiating students

not representative

Question 29

what is habitus?

Answer 29

Archer - habitus refers to the learned ways of acting/thinking stemming from social class and socialisation.

w/c value less on intellectual activities - adopt values different to the education system = anti-school subculture.

Question 30

what is the symbolic violence?

Answer 30

schools devalue w/c habitus causing a clash between their values and school values creating a symbolic violence through dress code etc

Question 31

what is the symbolic capital?

Answer 31

Bourdieu - its the m/c pupil who has leisure activities that gives them status, value or recognition by schools (deferred gratification etc)

Question 32

what are the critiques of the labelling theory?

Answer 32

ball - found when schools abolish banding, the basis ofor pupils to develop subultural groups also banish

labelling theory is deterministic - people can reject their label

according to Marxists, it ignores the wider structure of power within (teachers work in a system that reproduces class division)

teachers are pressurised to produce the best results - pay attention to those students that can achieve (m/c)

Question 33

Fullers research on the rejection of the labelling theory

Answer 33

fullers research method: used questionnaires and unstructured interviews on year 11 black girls who were labelled but were high achievers

Question 34

what is fatalism?

Answer 34

nothing can be done to change a law status position

Question 35

what is collectivism?

Answer 35

being part of subculture more than being an individual

Question 36

what is present-time orientation?

Answer 36

seeing now as more important than the future

Question 37

what is material deprivation?

Answer 37

refers to a lack of the correct material/resources to succeed in education

Question 38

what is labelling?

Answer 38

attaching a meaning or definition to them
teachers label pupil in particular way whih influences their educational achievement

Question 39

what is self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 39

when a student is labellled by a teacher and the student lives up to the label attached to them

Question 40

what is differentiation?

Answer 40

the process of teachers catergorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, behaviour and attitude, resulting in different wokr provided or streaming

Question 41

what is polarisation?

Answer 41

the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving one of two opposite poles

Question 42

how can you evaluate symbolic violence?

Answer 42

not all W/C students are socialised into a habitus of immediate gratification - very stereotypial and they some may symbolically resist and develop into a subculture due to material deprivation

Question 43

what is funding formula?

Answer 43

each school is given money per student

Question 44

what are league tables used for?

Answer 44

**a list of schools in hierarchal order

gilborn and youdell - M/C parents use their symbolic capital to check which schools are the best in their borough

Question 45

how can you evaluate funding formula?

Answer 45

many schools have turned into academies and are turning their image around attracting children from M/C and W/C backgrounds increasing funds

Question 46

how can you evaluate league tables?

Answer 46

LEA gets to decide which school children goes to accordng to your catchment area preventing W/C students from going to the best schools