educational difference according to gender Flashcards
state 4 external factors of girls to achieve educationally?
- feminism
- changes in the family
- women employment
- changes in ambition
how can girls achieve from the impact of feminism?
liberal feminist - the movement improved womens rights and oppotunities through changes in the law but have not achived full equality
mcrobbie - changes are reflected into the media ,news etc
how can girls achieve from changes in the family?
- increase in divorce rate
- increase in cohabitation (couples live together but not married)
- increase in lone parent families
creates a new adult role model for girls - financially independent women
how can girls achieve from the changes in women employment?
posser - many changes in womens economic particpation and achievement encourage girl to see their future in terms of paid work
- equal pay act - illegal to pay women less than men
- sex discrimination act - outlaw sex discrimination in the workplace
- according to british national stats - pay gap fall from 30% to 17%
how can girls achieve from the changes in ambition?
sue sharp - using interviews she found girls in the 1990 sees their future as an independent women compared to girls in the 1974 who wanted to be housewives sdn found intelligents as unattractive
feminists has influenced girls to do better in school
state 4 internal factors for girls to achieve educationally?
- equal oppotunity policies
- teachers attention
- challenging stereotypes
- selection and league tables
how can girls achieve from the equal oppotunity policies?
- GIST - girls into science and tech
- national curriculum - introduced coursework
- GATE - girls and tech education
how can girls achieve from teachers attention?
spender - teachers spend more time interacting with boys than with girls - behavour issue
swann - boys dominate in whole class discussion but girls prefer pair work better at istening and cooperating - skills rewarded in class
labelling - halo effect
how can girls achieve from challenging stereotypes?
Weiner - teachers have challenged gender stereotypes and removed a barrier in girls achievement (e.g. remove sexist image from learning resources)
how can girls achieve from selections and league tables?
Jackson - high achieving girls are attractive to schools whereas low achieving boys are not - self fulfilling prophecy
evaluate selection and league tables
archer et al - theres conflict between w/c feminine identities and the value of school - they gain symbolic capital (status and sense of worth people obtain from others) from peers = conflict with school
girls have hyper heterosexual identities (e.g. having sexual partner, wearing makeup etc) - break school guidelines.
state 5 factors to why boys underachieve
- boys literacy (external)
- globalisation (external)
- feminisation of education (internal)
- laddish subculture (internal)
- shortage of male primary teachers (internal)
how does boys literacy result in underachievement? (external)
DCSF - under-performance to poor literacy levels amongst boys and poorer language skills - (restricted code)
parents spend less time reading to their son and see reading as a feminine activity
how does globalisation and the decline in manufacturing result in underachievement? - (external)
browne - decline in male employment oppotunities led to an ‘identity crisis’
there are a decline in traditional industries mining iron and steel - boys believe they dont have a chance in getting a ‘proper’ job undermining their motivation and their self esteem.
how does feminisation of education result in underachievement? - (internal)
schools no longer nurture masculine traits (competition and leadership) but prefer qualities girls have (attentive in class, coursework)
how does the laddish subculture result in underachievement?
epstein - boys reject the norms and values of school - w/c boys were more likely to be harassed, labelled ‘swots’ (homophobic verbal abuse) - threat to their masculinity resulted in boys rejecting schools work
how does the shortage of male primary teachers result in underachievement?
lack of strong positive role model both at home and in school - didnt enourage or inspire them to focus on education
state 5 factors to gender difference in subject choice
- early socialisation - (external)
- gendered subject images - (internal)
- peer pressure - (internal)
- gender career oppotunities - (external)
- gender identities - (internal)
why does early socialisation create gender difference in subject choice?
oakley - ‘gender role socialisation’ is the process of learning the behaviour expected of males and females in society
norman - boys and girls dressed differently, given different toys and take part in different activities.
parents tend to** reward boys for being active** and girls for being passive.
Why does gendered subject images create gender differences in subject choice?
Kelly - science is seen as a boy subject as science teachers are more likely to be men
Why does peer pressure create gender difference in subject choice?
patcher.- pressure to conform to feminine and masculine roles mean that boys and girls choose subjects that reinforce their gender scripts
Why does gendered career opportunities create** gender differences in subject choices?**
Oakley - employment is highly gendered - women’s job involves skill performed by housewives, if boys found nurses are women they are less likely to opt for childcare
Stereotypes and gender discrimination within jobs
Why does gender identity cause gender differences in subject choices?
connell - ‘hegemonic masculinity’ - dominance of a heterosexual masculine identity and the subordination of female and gay identity
What are the 4 types of experience pupil face resulting in hegemonic masculinity?
- Verbal abuse
- Male peer groups
- Teachers and discipline
- Double standards
