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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

any type of information that can be observed and recorded that is not numerical and can be in the form of written or verbal communication

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2
Q

Strength of qualitative data

A

Hollistic - Allows participant to give an meaning and individual opinion

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3
Q

Weakness of qualitative data

A

Hard to analyse - Hard to compare
Time consuming - Method of collection can be lengthy

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4
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical data

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5
Q

Strength of quantitative data

A

Objective - Cant be manipulated
Easy to compare - Inferential tests

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6
Q

What is primary data?

A

First hand data collected for the purpose of the study

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7
Q

Weakness of quantitative data

A

Reductionist - Participants can only answer specific words or numbers (yes/No), can’t expand

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8
Q

weakness of primary data

A

Subjective - May be bias to what you have collected, to fit hypothesis

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9
Q

Strength of primary data

A

Reliable - Know procedure, can replicate

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10
Q

What is secondary data?

A

information collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research (taken from journals)

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11
Q

Strength of secondary data

A

Generalisable - More participants as multiple studies are used

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12
Q

Weakness of secondary data

A

Representivness - Not representative of target population

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13
Q

What is random sampling?

A

when every person in the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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14
Q

Strength of random sampling

A

No bias - Everyone has an equal chance

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15
Q

Weakness of random sampling

A

Not representative of target population - minority groups

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16
Q

Strength of stratified sampling

A

Representative of target population - Minority groups included

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17
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

when you identify the subgroups and select participants in proportion to their occurrences.

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18
Q

Weakness of stratified sampling

A

Time consuming - Process is lengthy

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19
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

where participants pick themselves through newspaper adverts, noticeboards or online.

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20
Q

Strength of volunteer sampling

A

Easy to gather sample - Quick as participants put themselves forward

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21
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

uses people who are available at the time the study is carried out

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22
Q

Weakness of volunteer sampling

A

Participants may share characteristics - As they are all volunteering for the same study, shown intrest into the topic area

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23
Q

Strength of opportunity sampling

A

Easy to gather sample - Pick people who are available at the time to take part

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24
Q

Weakness of opportunity sampling

A

Not representative - Share characteristics - Same place/Same time

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25
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

One tailed - State the specific direction the researcher expects the results to go in

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26
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

Two tailed - these state that a difference will be found between the conditions of the independent variable

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27
Q

Strength of open question

A

Provide rich data

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28
Q

Weakness of open question

A

Hard to analyse - Alot of data

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29
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

The interview is standadised - Uses a fixed set of questions - Given to each participant in the same order

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30
Q

Strength of structured interview

A

Standadised set of questions - increase validity - more accurate

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31
Q

Weakness of structured interview

A
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32
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A
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33
Q

Strength of semi-structured interview

A
34
Q

Weakness of semi-structured interview

A
35
Q

what is an unstructured interview?

A
36
Q

Strength of unstructured interview

A
37
Q

Weakness of unstructured interview

A
38
Q

Strength of lab experiment

A

Standadised - controlled setting - more valid

39
Q

Weakness of lab experiment

A

Lacks ecological validity - Artifical settings - Increases demand characteristics

40
Q

Strength of field experiment

A

Ecologically valid - naturalistic setting - prevents demand characteristics

41
Q

Weakness of field experiment

A

Not standadised - Cant be controlled - extraneous variables

42
Q

Strength of covert observations

A

Valid - natural setting - prevents demand characteristics

43
Q

Weakness of covert observations

A

Lacks ethics - participants unaware they are being observed

44
Q

Strength of overt observations

A

Ethical - participants are aware they are being observed

45
Q

Weakness of overt observations

A

Lacks validity - as they are aware of observations - may act in a certain way to fit in - social desirability bias

46
Q

Strength of participant observations

A

Spend more time with participants - get a more indepth understanding of participants behaviour

47
Q

Weakness of participant observations

A

Social desirability bias - participant is aware of observations - act differently

48
Q

Strength of non-participant observations

A

More natural - observer can observe the situation more naturally - prevent demand characteristics

49
Q

Weakness of non-participant observations

A

Aware they are being observed - social desirability bias

50
Q

Strength of naturalistic observations

A

Ecologically valid - prevent demand characteristics

51
Q

Weakness of naturalistic observations

A

Lacks contol - cant be standadised - lacks validity

52
Q

What is controlled observations?

A

behaviour is observed under controlled laboratory conditions (Bandura’s Bobo doll study).

53
Q

Strength of controlled observations

A

Controlled setting - increases validity - standadised

54
Q

Weakness of controlled observations

A

Lacks ecological validity - This is because its set in a lab - not natural

55
Q

What are participant variables?

A
56
Q

What are situational variables?

A
57
Q

What is extraneous variables?

A
58
Q

What are confounding variables?

A
59
Q

What is an independent group design?

A

each participant is selected for only one group

60
Q

Strength of independent group design

A

No order effects - as each participants has a different condition - prevent demand characteristics

61
Q

Weakness of independent group design

A

Participant variables - all participants are different

62
Q

What is repeated measures?

A

each participant appears in both groups, so that there are exactly the same participants in each group

63
Q

Strength of repeated measures

A

Prevent participants variables - as each participants carries out all conditions

64
Q

Weakness of repeated measures

A

Prevents chance of order effects - as the participant could discover what factor the researcher is looking for

65
Q

What is matched pairs?

A

each participant is selected for only one group, but the participants in the two groups are matched (e.g. ability; sex; age).

66
Q

Strength of matched pairs

A

Reduces participant variables - dependent on what they are matched on

67
Q

Weakness of matched pairs

A

Time consuming - can be hard to match participants

68
Q

What is a content analysis?

A
  • An observation
  • Indirect, through magazines and TV programmes
  • ## Analyse qualitative data
69
Q

How do you carry out a content analysis?

A
  1. Data collected
  2. Examine data
  3. Identify themes
  4. Data analysed and placed in categories
  5. Tally of how much a theme/category appears
70
Q

Strength of content analysis

A
  • Ecologically valid, this is because the data is collected from observations
  • Easy and not time consuming
71
Q

Weakness of content analysis

A
  • The data may be subjective, because of researcher bias, may interpret the observations differently
72
Q

What is correlational research?

A
73
Q

What is longitudinal analysis?

A
74
Q

What is cross cultural analysis?

A
75
Q

What is cross sectional analysis?

A
76
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A
77
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

To prevent order effects - split the group into sub-groups
- one sub-group does the experimental condition first
- the other sub-group does it the other way round.

78
Q

What are order effects?

A

This is when the participants experience every condition which can cause the participant to figure out the purpose of the study

79
Q

What is social desirability bias?

A

When participants answer based on what they think will make them look better to others, fit social norms

80
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

When participants figure out the aim of the study and change their behaviour to fit

81
Q

What is grounded theory?

A
82
Q

What is a thematic analysis?

A

Psychology (20 decks)

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