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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an independent groups design?

A

2 groups of participants do separate conditions

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2
Q

What is a repeated measures designs?

A

There is 1 group of participants who repeat the experiment in 2 different conditions

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3
Q

Explain a matched pairs design.

A

People are matched based on a key variable and then put into separate groups

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4
Q

Explain a strength of an independent groups design.

A

There is no order effects.
So we can be sure that the IV is truely what is effected the DV.

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5
Q

Name the weaknesses of independent groups.

A

Participant variables.
2 times the amount of people needed.

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6
Q

Name one strength of a repeated measures design.

A

No participant variables

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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of a repeated measures design?

A

Order effects.
Demand characteristics.

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8
Q

How can you deal with order effects?

A

Counterbalancing

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9
Q

What are the strengths of a matched pairs design?

A

There is no order effects.
Less likely participant variables

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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of a matched pairs design?

A

Time consuming.
Expensive.

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11
Q

How can you deal with participant variables?

A

Use a matched pairs design.
Random allocation.

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12
Q

How can you deal with researcher bias?

A

Random allocation

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13
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

When the IV is based on an existing difference e.g. age or gender

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14
Q

What are the strengths of a quasi experiment?

A

Often done under controlled conditions.
Share same strengths as a lab study.

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15
Q

Give a weakness of a quasi experiment.

A

Cannot randomly allocate participants to conditions so there may be confounding variables

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16
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

When an EV isn’t controlled and it effects the results

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17
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

When the researcher controls the IV in a highly controlled environment

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18
Q

What are the strengths of a lab study?

A

High control over EVs.
Easier to replicate the study, which makes findings more valid.

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19
Q

Explain one weakness of a lab study.

A

Use artificial tasks.
Difficult to generalise results to real world.
Low external validity.

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20
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

When the IV is manipulated in a more natural setting

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21
Q

Explain one strength of field experiments.

A

Higher mundane realism.
Environment is more natural so behaviour is more authentic.
Higher external validity.

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22
Q

What are the weaknesses of a field experiment?

A

Less control over EVs.
Ethical issues (often consent).

23
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

When the researcher measures the effects of a pre-existing variable that would have occurred anyway.

24
Q

What is a strength of natural experiments?

A

High external validity

25
Q

Explain one weakness of natural experiments.

A

Participants cannot be randomly allocated to conditions.
We are less sure whether it was the IV that affected the DV.

26
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

When participants pick up cues from the researcher which allow them to figure out what is being investigated and therefore they may change their behaviour

27
Q

What does an alternative hypothesis predict?

A

There will be a difference

28
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

It states that there will be no difference between variables

29
Q

What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

A

A directional hypothesis states a specific difference whilst a non-directional hypothesis states that there will be a difference but not specifically what

30
Q

Define overt observation.

A

Participants are watched with their knowledge and consent given.

31
Q

What is one advantage of overt observation?

A

Few ethical issues as participants all gave informed consent.

32
Q

Explain one disadvantage of overt observation.

A

Participants may not behave naturally as they know they are being watched.
Demand characteristics.
Lower validity.

33
Q

Define covert observation.

A

Participants observed in a natural setting without their knowledge or consent.

34
Q

What is one advantage of covert observation?

A

Will observe natural genuine behaviour.
High validity.

35
Q

What is one weakness of covert observation?

A

Ethical issues as no informed consent.

36
Q

What is participants observation?

A

Observer becomes a member of the group.

37
Q

Explain an advantage of participant observation.

A

Observer has increased insight into behaviour as they gain context.
Increased validity.

38
Q

Explain one weakness of participant observation.

A

Observer may begin to identify too strongly with participants.
Opinions lose objectivity and become biased.

39
Q

What is non participant observation?

A

Observer watches from outside the group.

40
Q

What is one strength of non participant observation?

A

Observer maintains an objective psychological distance.

41
Q

What is one disadvantage of non participant observation?

A

May lose valuable insight as too far removed from the group.

42
Q

What is controlled observation?

A

Observation done in a structured environment and variables are controlled.

43
Q

Explain one strength of controlled observation.

A

Controlled EVs.
Easier to replicate.

44
Q

What is one weakness of controlled observation?

A

Behaviour is harder to generalise to real life.

45
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Done in a natural setting where behaviour would normally occur.

46
Q

Explain one strength of naturalistic observation.

A

Can generalise the finding to everyday life.
High external validity.

47
Q

What is one weakness of naturalistic observation.

A

Lack of control over EVs.
Makes it difficult to replicate findings.

48
Q

What are behavioural categories?

A

Psychologist decides which specific behaviour to observe and then operationalises them (precisely describe)

49
Q

How to draw a record sheet?

A

Table with checklist at the top of behavioural categories.
Space to record behaviour with a tally chart.

50
Q

Define inter observer reliability.

A

The extent to which two or more observers observe and record behaviour in the same way.

51
Q

How to achieve inter observer reliability.

A

Use same behavioural categories.
Compare data (discuss differences).
Analyse data collected.

52
Q

What are the two types of sampling in observation?

A

Event sampling.
Time sampling.

53
Q

What is event sampling?

A

A target behaviour or event is first established and then the researcher records every time this event occurs.

54
Q

What is time sampling?

A

Researcher records behaviour every fixed time frame e.g. what they’re doing every 30 seconds.

Psychology (15 decks)

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