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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the different types of observation

A

-Naturalistic observation
-Controlled observation
-Cover observation
-Overt observation
-Participant and non participant observations

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2
Q

What are the to ways of recording data in observational designs

A

-Recording everything (unstructured)
-categories (structured)

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3
Q

What are behavioural categories in observational designs

A

-Target behaviour broken down into observable components

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4
Q

What are the two types of sampling in observational designs

A

-Event Sampling
-Time sampling

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5
Q

What are independent variables

A

The thing you can change to see the effect on the dependent variable

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6
Q

What are dependent variables

A

The thing you are measuring

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Other things that could affect the DV that you are not measuring

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8
Q

What are confounding variables

A

Other variables that have affected your results

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9
Q

What is an aim in an experiment

A

A general expression of what the researcher wishes to investigate

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10
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A predictive statement on what the researcher believes they will find, can be one tailed or two tailed

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11
Q

What are demmand characteristics

A

Any cue from the research situation or researcher that may expose the aims of the experiment causing participants to change their behaviour

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12
Q

What are investigator effects

A

Where investigators behaviour may effect the outcome of the experiment

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13
Q

Name the 5 research techniques for experiments

A

-Randomisation
-Standardisation
-Control groups
-Single bind
-Double bind

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14
Q

What are single bind experiments

A

Participant does not know the aim of the experiment

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15
Q

What are double bind experiments

A

The researcher and participant does not know the aim of the experiment

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16
Q

What are pilot studies

A

Trial run of the experiment on a smaller scale to resolve any problems

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17
Q

Name the 3 experimental designs

A

-Independent groups
-Repeated measures
-Matched pairs

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18
Q

Outline independent groups

A

-Participants in each condition of the experiment are different
-Participants should be randomly allocated to groups

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19
Q

Outline repeated measures

A

-The same participants take part in all of the conditions of the experiment
-Order of the conditions should be counterbalanced to avoid order effects

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20
Q

Outline matched pairs

A

Two groups of participants in different conditions paired on participant variables mattering to the experiment

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21
Q

Evaluate independent groups

A

-Participant variables are not controlled (HOWEVER can be solved by random allocation
-Less economical
-Order effects are not an issue

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22
Q

Evaluate repeated measures

A

-Order effects and demmand characteristics
-Participant variables controlled
-More economical

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23
Q

Evaluate matched pairs

A

-No order effects
-Cannot match participants perfectly
-Time consuming

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24
Q

Name the types of experiments

A

-Lab experiment
-Field experiment
-Natural experiment
-Quasi experiment

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25
Q

What are lab experiments

A

-Controlled setting
-EV’s and CV’s can be regulated
-IV manipulated and the effect on the DV is recorded

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26
Q

What are field experiments

A

-IV manipulated in a natural setting
-effect on the DV is recorded

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27
Q

What are natural experiments

A

-Experimenter does not manipulate the IV
-DV may be naturally occuring

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28
Q

What are quasi experiments

A

-IV based off pre existing differences (e.g age or gender)
-No one manipulates the IV
-DV may be naturally occurring or measured by the experimenter

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29
Q

Evaluate lab experiments

A

-High internal validity as EV’s and CV’s controlled
-Replicability easy
-Low external validity
-Demand characteristics

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30
Q

Evaluate field experiments

A

-Greater external validity as natural enviroment
-Low internal validity (less control)
-There may be ethical issues

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31
Q

Evaluate natural experiments

A

-High external validity
-Ethical
-No manipulation of IV so cannot say the cause and effect
-No random allocation

32
Q

Evaluate Quasi experiments

A

-High control
-Comparisons can be made between people
-No random allocation
-No manipulation of the IV

33
Q

Name the different types of sampling

A

-Opportunity
-Volunteer
-Random
-Systematic
-Stratified

34
Q

What is opportunity sampling

A

People who are the most willing and available at the time

35
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

Participants select themselves for the study

36
Q

What is random sampling

A

Every person in target population has an equal chance of being selected e.g pulling names out of a hat

37
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Participants are selected using a set of patterns e.g for every nth person from a list

38
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Participants selected according to their demographic group in relation to frequency in the target population then by using a random sample

39
Q

Evaluate opportunity sampling

A

-Quick
-Biased

40
Q

Evaluate volunteer sampling

A

-Participants are willing to engage
-Likely to have volunteer bias

41
Q

Evaluate random sampling

A

-Does not run the risk of investigator effects
-May not be representative of the whole population

42
Q

Evaluate systematic sampling

A

-Unbiased selection method so not investigator effects
-Time and effort consuming

43
Q

Evaluate stratified sampling

A

-Representative
-Time consuming
-Cannot fully represent every demographic

44
Q

Name four ethical issues

A

-Informed consent
-Deception
-Protection from harm
-Privacy/Confidentiality

45
Q

What are correlations

A

-No manipulation of IV’s and DV’s so cant demonstrate cause and effect
-influence of EV’s not controlled

46
Q

Evaluate correlations

A

-Useful startpoint for research
-Relatively economical
-No Cause and effect
-Method can be used to measure variables, may be flawed

47
Q

Evaluate covert observation

A

-Demand characteristics reduced
-ethical issues

48
Q

Evaluate over observation

A

-More ethically acceptible
-Demand characteristics

49
Q

Name the 5 types of data forms

A

-Qualitative data
-Quantitative
-Primary data
-Secondary data
-Meta Analysis

50
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Numerical data e.g reaction time or number

51
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Non numerical data expressed in words e.g extract from a diary

52
Q

Evaluate quantitative data

A

-Easier to analyse
-Oversimplifies behaviour

53
Q

Evaluate qualitative data

A

-Represents complexities
-Less easy to analyse

54
Q

What is primary data

A

First hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation

55
Q

What is secondary data

A

Collected by someone other than the researcher for a different purpose

56
Q

What is a meta-analysis

A

A type of secondary data that involves combining data from a large number of studies

57
Q

Evaluate primary data

A

-Fits the job
-Required time and effort

58
Q

Evaluate secondary data

A

-Inexpensive
-Quality may be poor

59
Q

Evaluate meta-analysis

A

-Increases validity of conclusions
-Publication bias

60
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency

A

-Mean
-Mode
-Median

61
Q

What are the two measures of dispersion

A

-Range
-Standard deviation

62
Q

What is the mean

A

Arithmetic average, add up all the scores and divide by the total number of scores

63
Q

What is the median

A

-Middle value
-Place scores in ascending order and select middle value
-If there are two middle values, the mean is calculated

64
Q

What is the mode

A

Most frequent or common value

65
Q

Evaluate the mean

A

-Sensitive
-May be unrepresentative

66
Q

Evaluate the median

A

-Unaffected by extreme scores
-Less sensitive than the mean

67
Q

Evaluate the mode

A

-Relevant to categorical data
-Oversimplistic measure

68
Q

What is the range

A

The difference between the lowest and highest value +1

69
Q

What is standard deviation

A

-Measure of average spread around the mean
-Larger the SD, more spread out the data is

70
Q

Evaluate the range

A

-Easy to calculate
-Does not account for distribution of scores

71
Q

Evaluate standard deviation

A

-More precise than the range
-May be misleading

72
Q

What are the different ways of presenting qualitative data

A

-Tables
-Bar chart
-Histograms
-Line graph
-Scattergram

73
Q

What is a table

A

Raw scores displayed in columns and rows; a summary paragraph beneath the table explains the results

74
Q

What is a bar chart

A

Categories usually placed along the x axis and frequency on the y axis. Height of column represents frequency for that item

75
Q

What is a histogram

A

Bar touch each other - data is continuous rather than discrete. There is a true zero

76
Q

What is a line graph

A

Frequency on one axis, data on the other axis is continuous. The line often shows how something changes over time

77
Q

What is a scattergram

A

Used for correlational analysis. Each dot represents one pair of related data. The data on both axis must be continuous

psychology (12 decks)

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