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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the behaviourist approach

A

Explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and learning

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2
Q

What was the procedure of pavlov’s dogs

A

Food = response of salivation, bell = no salivation, bell + food = salivation thus conditioning the dogs to salivate when hearing the bell

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Associating an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus means that the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus producing the same response as the unconditioned stimulus learning by association

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

-Learning and behaviour is shaped by consequences
-Can have positive reinforcement (reward when a certain behaviour is performed) or negative reinforcement (avoiding an unpleasant experience)
-Punishment decreases likelihood of behaviour to be repeated

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5
Q

What was the skinner box procedure

A

Skinner (1953) showed how rats and pigeons through pulling levers would avoid electric shocks and continue pulling levers they were rewarded with food for

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6
Q

Evaluate the behaviourist approach

A

-Real world application: token economic systems been used successfully in prisons and psych wards using principles of conditioning
-Ignores influence of free will and conscious decision making process so is an incomplete explanation
-Well controlled lab research by breaking behaviour down makes the approach scientifically credible

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7
Q

What is the assumption of social learning theory

A

Behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of others through direct and indirect reinforcement

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8
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

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9
Q

What is identification

A

Desire to be associated with a particular person or group (role models) because they possess certain desireable characteristics

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10
Q

Outline mediational processes in SLT

A

Cognitive factors identified by Bandura et al (1961) that influence learning and come between stimulus and response. 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor Reproduction 4. Motivation

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11
Q

What is attention as a mediational process

A

-The extent to which we notice certain behaviours
-Related to the learning of behaviour

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12
Q

What is retention as a mediational process

A

-How well the behaviour is remembered
-Related to the learning of behaviour

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13
Q

What is motor reproduction as a mediational process

A

-The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
-Related to the performance of behaviour

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14
Q

What is motivation as a mediational process

A

-The will to perform a behaviour, determined by whether the behaviour was punished or rewarded
-Related to the performance of behaviour

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15
Q

What are role models in SLT

A

-Person becomes a role model if they have higher social status, possess similar characteristics to the observer or are attractive
-Modelling is the imitation of behaviour from a role model by the observer

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16
Q

Outline Bandura et al’s research

A

-1961
-Recorded behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave aggressively towards a Bobo doll compared to a non aggressive control group
-Found those observing the aggressive adults behave more aggressively with boys more aggressive than girls
-Bandura repeated the experiment in 1963 with Walters
-Group A saw adults be praised for aggressive behaviour
-Group B saw adults be punished for aggressive behaviour
-Group C acted as a control group with adults not praised or shunned
-Found group A was most aggressive as they were vicariously reinforced, followed by group C then group B

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17
Q

Evaluate SLT

A

-Recognises the importance of cognitive factors unlike the behaviourist approach as it involves judgement making it a more complete explanation COUNTERPOINT: underplays the roles of biological influences such as the role of testosterone (boys more aggressive than girls)
-Explains differences in cultural behaviour through imitation and reinforcement giving it real world application
-Uses contrived lab studies so at risk of demand characteristics making it lack lack generalisability
-Demonstrates reciprocal determinism denying possibility of free will

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18
Q

What is the main assumption of the cognitive approach

A

-Focused on how our internal mental processes affect behaviour
-These processes are observed indirectly by making inferences

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19
Q

What are internal mental processes in the cognitive approach

A

“Private” operations of the mind such as attention and perception that mediate between stimulus and response

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20
Q

What is the role of the schema in the cognitive approach

A

-A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing
-Developed from experience

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21
Q

What are theoretical and computer models in the cognitive approach

A

-Used to understand internal mental processes (e.g MSM, WMM)
-Theoretical= abstract computer more concrete
-Mind is likened to a computer model
-Important in the development of artificial intelligence (e.g machines that can have a conversation with you)

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22
Q

What is the role of the emergence of cognitive neuroscience in the cognitive approach

A

-Scientific study of how brain structures affect internal mental processes
-Biological structures link to internal mental states e.g Broca
-Brain imaging (e.g fMRI) used to read the brain

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23
Q

Evaluate the cognitive approach

A

-Objective scientific methods through lab studies meaning the approach has a credible scientific basis COUNTERPOINT: means artificial stimuli have little external validity
-Real world application in being used to improve eyewitness and treat depression
-Machine reductionism ignores the role of human emotion and motivation making it an incomplete explanation
-More flexible than the behaviourist approach as it it is an example of soft determinism

24
Q

What is the assumption of the biological approach

A

Emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function

25
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

-Biological approach
-Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate biological and psychological function (seratonin, dopamine)

26
Q

What is evolution

A

-Changes inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
-Caused by natural selection

27
Q

What are genes

A

-Make up chromosones and are DNA which codes physical features (eye colour, height) of an organism and psychological features (mental disorders, intelligence)
-Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring ie inherited

28
Q

What are Monozygotic twins

A

Identical Twins

29
Q

What are Dizygotic twins

A

Non-Identical Twins

30
Q

What is genotype

A

The particular set of genes that a person possesses

31
Q

What is phenotype

A

Characteristics of an individual determined by genes and the enviroment

32
Q

Evaluate the biological approach

A

-Real world application in the use of psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants which increase levels of seratonin in the brain which help with depression COUNTERPOINT: drugs may have serious side effects such as dizyness, loss of sex drive and tiredness
-Uses scientifc methods such as fMRI’s and EEG’s for evidence making it possible to accurately measure physiological and neural processes not open to bias meaning the biological approach is based off objective reliable data
-Biological determinism ignores the mediating effects of the enviroment as identical twins often think and act differently so it is too simplistic. Also has problematic real life implications as it excuses violent crime

33
Q

What is the psychodyanmic approach

A

A perspective that describes the different unconscious forces operating on the mind formed in childhood that direct human behaviour and experience

34
Q

Name the psychoactive stages

A

-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital

35
Q

Describe the oral psychosexual stage

A

-Focus on pleasure is the mouth, mother’s breasts can be the object of desire
-0-1 years
-Consequences of unresolved conflict: oral fixations of smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical

36
Q

Describe the anal psychosexual stage

A

-1-3 years
-Focus of pleasure is the anus
-Consequences are:
Anal retentive: Perfectionist, obsessive
Anal expulsive: thoughtless, messy

37
Q

Describe the phallic psychosexual stage

A

-3-6 years
-Focus of pleasure is the gential area
-Consequences are phallic personality: narcissistic, reckless

38
Q

Describe the latency psychosexual stage

A

-Earlier conflicts are repressed

39
Q

Describe the genital psychosexual stage

A

-Sexual desire becomes conscious alongside the onset of puberty
-Consequences are difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

40
Q

What is the unconscious

A

The part of our mind we are unaware of but directs much of our behaviour

41
Q

What are the three structures of personality in the psychodynamic approach

A

-Id
-Ego
-Superego

42
Q

What is the Id

A

-Entirely unconscious
-Made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand gratification
-Operates on a pleasure principle
-Only the Id is present at birth

43
Q

What is the Ego

A

-The “reality principle” that balances the demands of the Id and Superego through defense mechanisms
-Formed 2 years onwards
-Defense mechanisms prevent us from being overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas however they form a distortion of reality so have to be challenged in the long term

44
Q

What is the Superego

A

-The moralistic principle of our personality which represents what we ought to be
-Formed at the end of the phallic stage at the age of 5
-Based off the morality principle of the same sex parent

45
Q

Evaluate the psychodynamic approach

A

-Psychic determinism dismisses any possible influence of free will
-Real world application in the development of Psychotherapy and counselling through psychoanalysis designed to access the unconscious COUNTERPOINT: Psychotherapy is entirely useless against schizophrenia
-Psychodynamic approach is unfalsifiable and not open to empirical testing so it cannot be considered scientific
-Little Hans is hard to generalise to others due to its nature as a case study

46
Q

What is the humanistic approach

A

Emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self actualisation

47
Q

What is self actualisation

A

-The desire to grow psychologically and fulfills ones full potential, becoming what you are capable of
-Maslow said only 1% of the population are self actualised

48
Q

Name the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

-Physiological needs
-Safety and Security
-Love and belongingness
-Self esteem
-Self actualisation

49
Q

What does the humanistic approach advocate for parents to give their children

A

-Unconditional positive regard instead of conditions of worth
-Unconditional positive regard is also applied by client centered therapy by Rogers

50
Q

What are conditions of worth in the humanistic approach

A

When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love of their children e.g I will only love you if…

51
Q

Evaluate the humanistic approach

A

-Culture bias of individual freedom and autonomy centered around the the US and individualistic cultures so hard to apply to collectivist cultures
-Positive approach in its optimism and advocacy of the importance of free will over determinism
-Lack of supporting studies so cannot be empirically tested so not very scientific

52
Q

What is introspection

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations by Wundt 1879

53
Q

Who was the first psychologist

A

-Wundt 1879 Leipzig

54
Q

Evaluate Wundt’s introspection

A

-All of his methods were systematic and well controlled so scientific with all introspections in labs so no extraneous variables and all procedures were standardised
-However wundts experiments would be unscientific today as the data of self reporting is subjective and open to demand characteristics therefore is flawed and not meeting the scientific requirements of enquiry

55
Q

when did behaviourists emerge

A

1900s

56
Q

When did the cognitive approach emerge

A

1950s

57
Q

When did the biological approach emerge

A

1980s

psychology (12 decks)

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