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psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are early interactions important for babies

A

-Play an important role in child’s social development
-Good quality social interactions associated with successful attachment

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2
Q

What is Reciprocity

A

-Turn taking responses when baby is alert
-Occurs from 3 months onwards

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3
Q

What is Interactional Synchrony

A

Same actions occurs simultaneously

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4
Q

Outline research related to Interactional Synchrony

A

-Meltzoff and Moore (1972) found these occur 2 weeks onwards
-Isabella et al (1989) associated these with the quality of attachment

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5
Q

Evaluate the research into caregiver-infant interactions

A

-Very difficult observing babies as we can only infer their thoughts and emotions through limited actions meaning these interactions may not have special meaning
-Highly controlled lab experiments that are filmed allowing for inter rater reliability, babies also not at risk of demand characteristics
-Observations of behaviour does not tell the importance of behaviour

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6
Q

What are Schaffers stages of attachment

A

-Asocial stage: first few weeks, no response between humans and objects
-Indiscriminate attachment: 2 to 7 months preference for familiar people but no stranger anxiety
-Specific attachments: stranger and seperation anxiety in regard to one particular adult= primary attachment figure (65% were mother)
-Multiple attachments: Secondary attachments begin to form 7 months onwards

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7
Q

What is research supporting Schaffers stages of attachment

A

-Schaffer and Emerson (1964) Glasgow babies study
-Studied mothers of 60 working class Glasgow babies reporting monthly on stranger and separation anxiety
-Found babies behaviour progressed in line with the stage theory

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8
Q

Evaluate Schaffers stages of attachment

A

-Good external validity as mothers did the observing so babies not stressed by being observed COUNTERPOINT: mothers may have not accurately noted behaviour due to demand characteristics
-Real world application in not starting daycare at stage 3 as it may be damaging
-Lacks generisibility to other cultures and lacks temporal validity
-Poor evidence for asocial stage: babies have poor coordination so may just seem asocial

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9
Q

Outline research on attachment to fathers

A

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found 75% attached to the father by 18 months, 3% sole attachment

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10
Q

Outline research on the role of fathers

A

Fathers have a role of play and stimulation (Grossman)

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11
Q

Outline research on fathers as primary attachment figures

A

Fathers who were primary caregivers more responsive than secondary caregiver fathers (field)

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12
Q

Evaluate the research into the role of the father

A

-Competing research questions prevent a simple answer about the fathers role
-Real world application in that families can be advised about fathers role in attachment
-Preconceptions may lead to observer bias, may affect some studies e.g Schaffer and Emerson

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13
Q

Describe Lorenz’s research

A

-Gooslings born in incubator saw lorenz when first hatched, control group saw mother
-Newly hatched chicks imprinted onto lorenz, control mother
-Also showed signs of sexual imprinting

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14
Q

Evaluate Lorenz’s research

A

-Research support: Chicks imprinted onto moving shapes
-Lacks generiasibility to humans as humans are far more complex then birds

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15
Q

Describe Harlow’s research

A

-Baby monkeys given a cloth “mother” and a wire mother with a feeding bottle
-Monkeys clung to the cloth mother
-Monkeys grew up socially dysfunctional
-Critical period addressed to be 90 days or attachment wouldn’t form

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16
Q

Evaluate Harlow’s research

A

-Has real world value in helping professionals to promote bonding
-Lacks generisability to humans as humans and monkeys are not the same

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17
Q

What is the role of classical conditioning in attachment

A

-Caregiver (Neutral Stimulus) becomes associated with food (Unconditioned stimulus)
-Caregiver becomes conditioned Stimulus

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18
Q

What is the role of operant conditioning in attachment

A

Crying behaviour becomes reinforced positively for babies and negatively for caregiver

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19
Q

What is the role of attachment in learning theory

A

Attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger

20
Q

Evaluate learning theory as an explanation of attachment

A

-Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment through animal studies
-Primary attachment figure not always the person who does the feeding (Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow babies)
-Conditioning may influence the choices of a primary attachment figure

21
Q

What is monotropy

A

One particular attachment is different in quality and importance to others

22
Q

What are social releasers

A

Social releasers ie innate cute behaviour elicit care

23
Q

How long is the critical period

A

6 Months to 2 years

24
Q

What is the Internal Working model

A

Mental representations of the world formed by the primary attachment figure, a template for future relationships

25
Q

What is Bowlby’s monotropic theory composed of

A

-Monotropy
-Social releasers
-Critical period
-Internal working model

26
Q

Evaluate Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A

-Support for social releases: Babies became upset when attachment figure ignored social releases (Brazelton et al)
-Schaffer and Emerson showed that attachment did not form in a monotropic theory showing no difference
-Feminist concerns as it entirely blames mother if the child shows antisocial behaviour

27
Q

What are the three attachment types

A

-Securely Attached
-Insecure Avoidant
-Insecure Resistant

28
Q

What is the Securely attached attachment type

A

-Enthusiastic greeting to stranger
-Generally content
-Moderate stranger anxiety

29
Q

What is the insecure avoidant attachment type

A

-Avoids reunion
-Generally reduced responses to anxiety and stranger anxiety

30
Q

What is the Insecure resistant attachment type

A

-Resists reunion
-Generally more distressed in seperation anxiety and stranger anxiety

31
Q

Evaluate the strange situation

A

-Good reliability: 94% agreement between trained observes
-Test may be culture bound as it was developed in Britain and the US, so may not apply to other cultures

32
Q

What country had a high percentage of insecure resistant children in the Strange Situation

A

-Israel
-Japan

33
Q

What country had the lowest securely attached children in the Strange Situation

A

China

34
Q

What country had the highest percentage of insecure avoidant children in the Strange Situation

A

Germany

35
Q

Evaluate cultural variations on the Strange Situation

A

-Socially sensitive as it can lead to ethnocentrism ignoring cultural factors
-Studies used large sample sizes increasing internal validity as it reduces the impact of anomalous results
-Imposed etic on other cultures: study developed in the US

36
Q

What is maternal deprivation

A

-Emotional and intellectual consequences of emotional seperation with a caregiver within the critical period
-Can cause effectionless Psychopathy and lower IQ in children

37
Q

Outline Bowlby’s research on maternal deprivation

A

Bowlby’s 44 thieves study (1944) found 14 could be considered affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these experienced prolonged seperation from their mother as opposed to 2 in a control group

38
Q

Evaluate Bowlby’s theory on maternal deprivation

A

-Flawed evidence as Bowlby conducted his own research to prove his theory making him a biased observer and risk of investigator effects
-Czech twins suggests it is actually sensitive period not a critical period

39
Q

What are the effects of institutionalisation

A

-Disinhibited attachment (no stranger anxiety)
-hampered intellectual development if in institutionalisation for too long

40
Q

Outline Rutter et al’s research on Romanian orphans

A

Studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in UK, showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment

41
Q

Outline Zeanah et al’s research on Romanian orphans

A

Found 19% securely attached and 44% showed disinhibited attachment

42
Q

Evaluate the research into Roman orphans

A

-Real world application in improving institutional care and adoption practice
-We don’t know the full effects of institutionalisation on adult development
-Fewer confounding variables unlike war victim orphans as a lack of negative influences before institutionalisation

43
Q

Outline research into influences of early attachments on relaionships in childhood

A

Kerns found that securely attached children will have better friendships

44
Q

Outline research into relationships in adulthood

A

Securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners (McCarthy)

45
Q

Evaluate research into influences on early attachment on later relationships

A

-Validity issues with retrospective study as self report answers risk demand characteristics
-Review showed consistent lines between diagnosed type and mental disorders
-Associations between attachment type and later developments may be due to parents style or genes so at risk of confounding variables

psychology (12 decks)

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