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Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement/prediction

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2
Q

Directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

Predict where results are going to go. Only use when there’s been previous research

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3
Q

Non directional hypothesis (two tailed)

A

Use for the first time or when previous research was inconclusive,
“There will be a difference”

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4
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Where you expect there to be no difference

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5
Q

Bar charts

A

Used when showing discrete data that is t linked

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6
Q

Histogram

A

Used when data linked

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7
Q

Correlational analysis

A

Shows relationship between two variables, only establish relationship not cause and effect.

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8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A numerical value which tells you the strength of a correlation

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9
Q

Negatively skewed distribution

A

Median + Mean lower than mode

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10
Q

Positively skewed distribution

A

Median + mean are higher than mode

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11
Q

Normal distribution

A

Mean, media and mode all same

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12
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated

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13
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measurable

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14
Q

Operationalisation

A

When you have a variable they both have to be clearly defined if they are measurable

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15
Q

Random allocation

A

Allocating participants using random techniques. E.g. pick out of hat

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16
Q

Counter balancing

A

Used to overcome order effects when repeated measure design used. Split group in half and one does condition A first and other half does condition B first

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17
Q

Randomisation

A

Order of questions or wordlists

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18
Q

Standardised

A

Procedure same for all participants, instructions must be clear

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19
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Something external which may affect results of study

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20
Q

Validity

A

How reliable something is

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21
Q

Ecological validity

A

Ability to generalise results of research beyond setting research is conducted in. Applied to outside world

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22
Q

Population validity

A

Findings can be generalised to other groups of ppl other than ones studied

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23
Q

Temporal validity

A

Valid at the time but perhaps not tofay

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24
Q

Face validity

A

Something on the surface that looks like it makes sense

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25
Ethical guidelines
Rules you have to follow when carrying out resarch
26
Informed consent
Under 16s need a parent. Informs someone exactly what they are participating in
27
Deception
Do not deceive participants. Can’t lie to them
28
Right to withdraw
Everyone has this and can do it any time. Remove their data and entitled to leave resarch
29
Confidentiality
Assures the persons identity is never revealed
30
Protection from harm
Both physical and psychological. Cannot induce any type of mental change in your participants
31
Debrief
Let the participants know whats been recorded, they have the right to withdraw I’d they are unhappy
32
Independent groups design
Participants only take part in one condition. No order effects. Individual differneces
33
Repeated measures design
Participants take part in both conditions. No individual differences. Order effects lead to boredom, tiredness, fatigue (can use counterbalancing)
34
Matched pairs design
Participants only take part in one of two conditions which are matched with another person in the other condition. -Avoid order effects -Time consuming -Cannot control extraneous variables
35
Field experiment
Takes place in a natural environment. IV still manipulated, uncontrolled. +Natural behaviour and high external validity -May lack realism or hard to control extraneous variables
36
Laboratory experiment
Carried out in a controlled environment. Manipulate the IV. +Control extraneous variables and replicable/reliable -Lacks ecological validity and demand characteristics may be shown
37
Natural experiment
Taking advantage of natural occurring situation. E.g. Rutgers study on Romanian orphans +Natural behaviour and no demand characteristics -No control over extraneous variables
38
Quasi experiment
Naturally occurring IV, cannot manipulate it
39
Standardised procedure
A set of procedures that are the same for all participants
40
Demand characteristics
When participants know what the study is about so they act accordingly to how they think the researcher wants
41
Double blind
When neither the participants or experimenter know who is receiving particular treatment
42
Single blind
Participants aren’t aware of research aims/conditions. Prevents demand characteristics
43
Event sampling
Every time you see what you want to see, you record ir
44
Time sampling
Stipulate what time you watch an event or certain time slot E.g. 6-7pm for 5 minutes every 10 minutes everyday for a week
45
Controlled observation
Control extraneous variables
46
Naturalistic observation
Take place in a natural setting, nothing is controlled and observe natural behaviour
47
Covert observation
Hidden from participants, don’t know they are being observed +No demand characteristics, real behaviour -No informed consent
48
Overt observation
Open and participants know they are being observed +Informed consent, no ethical issues -Demand characteristics
49
Participants observation
Researcher can do an observation where they are a part of it. E.g. act like they are a staff member
50
Non participant observation
Watching from a distance, may film it. Their presence doesn’t influence anyone’s behaviour
51
Inter rated reliability
When you have more than one observer and at the end you correlate the data. If its similar your findings are reliable
52
Mean
-Add number and divide by total number -Used for interval
53
Median
-Middle number -Used for ordinal
54
Mode
-Most frequent number -Used for mominal
55
Range
Biggest number minus the smallest (difference)
56
Standard deviation
The value of the variant of the data from the mean The higher value the more variance it has
57
Qualitative data
Information that represents how long, how many (in words)
58
Quantitative
Numerical data
59
Pilot study
Small scale study of what your researching. Used to make sure everything flows well and you’re study will run smoothly
60
Open question
Giving any response you want
61
Closed question
Given and answer like YES OR NO
62
Random sampling
Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen
63
Volunteer sampling
Put yourself forward and agree to take part in research
64
Opportunity sampling
Ask people who are available at the time
65
Nominal data (levels of measurement)
Data that is in categories
66
Ordinal data
Scored which rank people in order E.g. test scores
67
Interval data
Units of measurement
68
Type 1 error
Rejecting null hypothesis when its true
69
Type 2 error
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
70
p<_0.05
P=probability <_= less or equal to 0.05= level of significance
71
Observed value
The value that you have obtained from conducting your statistical test
72
Statistically significant
Hypothesis is supported and find out if a value is meaningful or not
73
Paradigms and paradigms shifts
Scientific subjects have a shared set of assumptions and a scientific revolution occurs when there is a paradigm shift
74
Content/thematic analysis
A procedure for organising qualitative data into emerging themes and concepts
75
Content analysis
Studying people indirectly through communications. E.g. emails, lyrics of songs, diary entries Quantitative data
76
Thematic analysis
Thematic analysis is to analyse communications to see what themes keep on cropping up
77
Peer review
Process by which the

Psychology Revision (12 decks)

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