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Psychology Revision > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement/prediction

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2
Q

Directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

Predict where results are going to go. Only use when there’s been previous research

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3
Q

Non directional hypothesis (two tailed)

A

Use for the first time or when previous research was inconclusive,
“There will be a difference”

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4
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Where you expect there to be no difference

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5
Q

Bar charts

A

Used when showing discrete data that is t linked

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6
Q

Histogram

A

Used when data linked

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7
Q

Correlational analysis

A

Shows relationship between two variables, only establish relationship not cause and effect.

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8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A numerical value which tells you the strength of a correlation

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9
Q

Negatively skewed distribution

A

Median + Mean lower than mode

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10
Q

Positively skewed distribution

A

Median + mean are higher than mode

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11
Q

Normal distribution

A

Mean, media and mode all same

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12
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated

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13
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measurable

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14
Q

Operationalisation

A

When you have a variable they both have to be clearly defined if they are measurable

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15
Q

Random allocation

A

Allocating participants using random techniques. E.g. pick out of hat

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16
Q

Counter balancing

A

Used to overcome order effects when repeated measure design used. Split group in half and one does condition A first and other half does condition B first

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17
Q

Randomisation

A

Order of questions or wordlists

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18
Q

Standardised

A

Procedure same for all participants, instructions must be clear

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19
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Something external which may affect results of study

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20
Q

Validity

A

How reliable something is

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21
Q

Ecological validity

A

Ability to generalise results of research beyond setting research is conducted in. Applied to outside world

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22
Q

Population validity

A

Findings can be generalised to other groups of ppl other than ones studied

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23
Q

Temporal validity

A

Valid at the time but perhaps not tofay

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24
Q

Face validity

A

Something on the surface that looks like it makes sense

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25
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Rules you have to follow when carrying out resarch

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26
Q

Informed consent

A

Under 16s need a parent. Informs someone exactly what they are participating in

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27
Q

Deception

A

Do not deceive participants. Can’t lie to them

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28
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Everyone has this and can do it any time. Remove their data and entitled to leave resarch

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29
Q

Confidentiality

A

Assures the persons identity is never revealed

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30
Q

Protection from harm

A

Both physical and psychological. Cannot induce any type of mental change in your participants

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31
Q

Debrief

A

Let the participants know whats been recorded, they have the right to withdraw I’d they are unhappy

32
Q

Independent groups design

A

Participants only take part in one condition. No order effects. Individual differneces

33
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Participants take part in both conditions. No individual differences.
Order effects lead to boredom, tiredness, fatigue (can use counterbalancing)

34
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Participants only take part in one of two conditions which are matched with another person in the other condition.
-Avoid order effects
-Time consuming
-Cannot control extraneous variables

35
Q

Field experiment

A

Takes place in a natural environment. IV still manipulated, uncontrolled.
+Natural behaviour and high external validity
-May lack realism or hard to control extraneous variables

36
Q

Laboratory experiment

A

Carried out in a controlled environment. Manipulate the IV.
+Control extraneous variables and replicable/reliable
-Lacks ecological validity and demand characteristics may be shown

37
Q

Natural experiment

A

Taking advantage of natural occurring situation. E.g. Rutgers study on Romanian orphans
+Natural behaviour and no demand characteristics
-No control over extraneous variables

38
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Naturally occurring IV, cannot manipulate it

39
Q

Standardised procedure

A

A set of procedures that are the same for all participants

40
Q

Demand characteristics

A

When participants know what the study is about so they act accordingly to how they think the researcher wants

41
Q

Double blind

A

When neither the participants or experimenter know who is receiving particular treatment

42
Q

Single blind

A

Participants aren’t aware of research aims/conditions. Prevents demand characteristics

43
Q

Event sampling

A

Every time you see what you want to see, you record ir

44
Q

Time sampling

A

Stipulate what time you watch an event or certain time slot
E.g. 6-7pm for 5 minutes every 10 minutes everyday for a week

45
Q

Controlled observation

A

Control extraneous variables

46
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Take place in a natural setting, nothing is controlled and observe natural behaviour

47
Q

Covert observation

A

Hidden from participants, don’t know they are being observed
+No demand characteristics, real behaviour
-No informed consent

48
Q

Overt observation

A

Open and participants know they are being observed
+Informed consent, no ethical issues
-Demand characteristics

49
Q

Participants observation

A

Researcher can do an observation where they are a part of it.
E.g. act like they are a staff member

50
Q

Non participant observation

A

Watching from a distance, may film it. Their presence doesn’t influence anyone’s behaviour

51
Q

Inter rated reliability

A

When you have more than one observer and at the end you correlate the data. If its similar your findings are reliable

52
Q

Mean

A

-Add number and divide by total number
-Used for interval

53
Q

Median

A

-Middle number
-Used for ordinal

54
Q

Mode

A

-Most frequent number
-Used for mominal

55
Q

Range

A

Biggest number minus the smallest (difference)

56
Q

Standard deviation

A

The value of the variant of the data from the mean
The higher value the more variance it has

57
Q

Qualitative data

A

Information that represents how long, how many (in words)

58
Q

Quantitative

A

Numerical data

59
Q

Pilot study

A

Small scale study of what your researching. Used to make sure everything flows well and you’re study will run smoothly

60
Q

Open question

A

Giving any response you want

61
Q

Closed question

A

Given and answer like YES OR NO

62
Q

Random sampling

A

Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen

63
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Put yourself forward and agree to take part in research

64
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Ask people who are available at the time

65
Q

Nominal data (levels of measurement)

A

Data that is in categories

66
Q

Ordinal data

A

Scored which rank people in order
E.g. test scores

67
Q

Interval data

A

Units of measurement

68
Q

Type 1 error

A

Rejecting null hypothesis when its true

69
Q

Type 2 error

A

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

70
Q

p<_0.05

A

P=probability
<_= less or equal to
0.05= level of significance

71
Q

Observed value

A

The value that you have obtained from conducting your statistical test

72
Q

Statistically significant

A

Hypothesis is supported and find out if a value is meaningful or not

73
Q

Paradigms and paradigms shifts

A

Scientific subjects have a shared set of assumptions and a scientific revolution occurs when there is a paradigm shift

74
Q

Content/thematic analysis

A

A procedure for organising qualitative data into emerging themes and concepts

75
Q

Content analysis

A

Studying people indirectly through communications.
E.g. emails, lyrics of songs, diary entries
Quantitative data

76
Q

Thematic analysis

A

Thematic analysis is to analyse communications to see what themes keep on cropping up

77
Q

Peer review

A

Process by which the

Psychology Revision (12 decks)

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