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Psychology Aaaaah > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Operationalised hypothesis

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they are measured
Eg after drinking 250ml of monster participants say more words in the next five minutes than participants who drank 250ml of water

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2
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable that could affect the dv
Doesn’t change with Iv
Eg Age

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3
Q

Confounding variable

A

Changes the DV
Changes with the IV
For example excitement affects chattiness

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4
Q

Experimental designs

A

Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

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5
Q

Independent groups

A

One group 1 condition other group different condition
L- less economical
S- no order effects can’t guess aims

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6
Q

Repeated measures

A

All pp experience both conditions
L- order effects affect performance
S- pp variables are controlled

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7
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pp matched on pp variables which may effect DV assigned to different conditions
S- control confounding variables/ demand characteristics
L- pp can’t be matched exactly pp variables may remain

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8
Q

Types of experiment

A

Lab experiment
Field experiment
Natural experiment and Quasi experiment

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9
Q

Lab experiment

A

Highly controlled environment
S- high control internal validity
L- lack generalisation artificial behaviour lack ex validity

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10
Q

Field experiment

A

IV manipulated in every day setting
Eg nurse and drugs obey study
S- high mundane realism high ex validity
L- loss control of CV and EV - harder to establish IV effect

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11
Q

Natural experiments

A

Researcher has no control over IV
Eg sex of participant = IV
S- provide opportunities for research
L- cannot randomly allocate unsure IV causes DV

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12
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Iv is pre-existing
Eg IV= gender
S= controlled conditions high internal validity
L= cannot claim Iv has had an effect confounding variables

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13
Q

Sampling

A

Systematic
Random
Stratified
Opportunity

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14
Q

Random

A

List of people assign number sample using random generator
S= unbiased
L= may be unrepresentative

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15
Q

Systematic

A

Every nth member of population
S= objective no influence who is chosen
L= time consuming

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16
Q

Stratified

A

Sample reflects proportions of people from different subgroups within population
S= representative sample
L= not perfect never reflect every difference

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17
Q

Opportunity

A

Select those willing and available
S= convenient
L= unrep and researcher bias

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18
Q

Volunteer

A

Pp select themselves to be part of the study
S= easy min input
L= volunteer bias certain profile lack gen

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19
Q

Ethical issues

A

Informed consent
Deception
Protection from harm
Privacy

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20
Q

Observations

A

Naturalistic / controlled
Covert/ overt
Participant / non participant

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21
Q

Naturalistic/ controlled

A

Naturalistic - watching behav in setting of normal occurrence
S= high ex validity
L= lack of control
Controlled - in structural environment lab
S= controlled
L= low ex validity

22
Q

Covert/ Overt

A

Covert- pp watched without knowledge
Overt- pp watched with knowledge

Co L= ethics questioned

23
Q

Participant/ non participant

A

Increased insight natural behaviour - ex validity
Lose objectivity

24
Q

Observational design

A

Unstructured
Structured

25
Q

Unstructured

A

Write down everything you see

26
Q

Structured

A

Write down specific target observations - catergories

27
Q

Behavioural categories

A

Target behav broken up into components observable and measurable

28
Q

Sampling methods

A

Event sampling - counting behaviour continuously
Time sampling - recording behaviour in specific time intervals

29
Q

Self report

A

A person is asked to explain own feelings or experiences related to a topic
Evaluation
L- Desirability bias pp may try to give the “correct” answer to be socially accepted for example
S- may be more useful than observing alone

30
Q

Peer review

A

Assessment by others who are specialists in same field to ensure data is of high quality
1. Allocate research funding
2. To validate quality and relevance of research
3. Suggest amendments or improv
Eval
Anonymity criticise rival researchers
Publication bias - publish headline grabbing articles data disregarded
Burying groundbreaking research to maintain status quo contradict established research

31
Q

Meta analysis

A

Process of combining findings of studies on a particular topic to provide an overall statistical conclusion

32
Q

Features of reports

A

Abstract=summary of entire research project
Method= sample design materials and procedure described
Results= quant - stats analysis qual content analysis
Discussion= evaluation
References

33
Q

Pilot studies

A

Small scale version of an investigation that takes place before real one is conducted
Aim is to check procedures materials etc work
Allow researcher to make changes

34
Q

Positively skewed

A

Mode median mean
peak closest to y axis
Mode farah positive day if wins the Y marathon Mean stinks

35
Q

Negatively skewed

A

Mean median mode
Mode furthest from y axis
Sad day when mode farah is beaten by both median and Mean in the Y marathon

36
Q

Type 1 error

A

When null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected
False positive

37
Q

Type 2 error

A

When null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted significance level is too low
False negative

38
Q

Case studies

A

An in depth investigation description and analysis of an individual, group or institution
Qualitative data occasionally quantitative
Longitudinal
Eval
Offer rich detailed insight on atypical forms of behav eg HM Hypotheses for future study possibly leading to rev of new theory
Generalisation issue v small sample size subjective interpretation of researcher question case study validity

39
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

+0.8 within each other

40
Q

Face validity

A

Appears to measure what it measures

41
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Agreement between 2 different assessments/ psych research

42
Q

Ecological validity

A

The extent to which findings can be generalised to other settings ex validity

43
Q

Temporal validity

A

Whether findings hold truth over time
Eg Freuds theory lacks temporal validity as penis envy is outdated reflects patriarchal Victorian era

44
Q

Ways of assessing validity

A

Face validity appears what it is supposed to measure - eyeballing
Concurrent validity - particular test is demonstrated where results should be similar eg new intelligence test may compare iq score of well established test before

45
Q

Improving validity

A

In experiments- use control standardise procedures use single bind or double bind to avoid to minimise investigator effects reduce demand charac
Questionnaires - incorporate a lie scale to control social desirability bias
Observations - covert observation and refine behavioural catergories
Qualitative research - interpretative validity direct quotes etc and triangulation using many sources as evidence

46
Q

Paradigm

A

Shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline

47
Q

Paradigm shift

A

Result of scientific revolution when there is a significant change in theory

48
Q

Theory construction

A

Process of developing explanation for causes of behaviour by gathering evidence and determining a theory

49
Q

Falsifiability

A

Principle that a theory cannot be regarded as scientific if variables cannot be proved untrue eg Freud

50
Q

Empirical method

A

Scientific approaches that are based on gathering of evidence through direct observation and experience

51
Q

Investigator effects

A

Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome may include design of study or interaction with pp
Standardised script used

52
Q

P<0.05

A

There is a less than 5% likelihood that results occur if there is no real difference between conditions

Psychology Aaaaah (23 decks)

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