Memory 1 Flashcards
Coding
Process of converting info between different forms
Coding research
Baddeley et al
1- acoustic sim
2-acoustic dissim
3-semantic sim
4-semantic dissim
Recall immediately good acoustic (stm)
recall 20mins good semantic
Capacity research
Amount of info stored (stm)
Jacob’s digit span found mean for digit - 9.3 mean letters - 7.3
Miller chunking 7+/- 2
Research on duration (stm)
Petersons given a consonant syllable counted back until stopped vary periods of 3-18 s stm duration = up to 18seconds (3%)
Duration of Ltm
Bahrick - 400 American students 17-74
After 48yrs photo recognition dropped to only 70% compared to 90% within 15 yrs
Shows ltm can last up to a lifetime
Multi store model
Sensory register
Stm
Ltm
Sensory register
all stimuli from environment pass here Coding is modality specific (to sense) eg iconic store = visual info.
Duration is very brief less than half a second
Attention to pass on information
Short term memory msm
Coded acoustically (baddeley)
lasts 18seconds unless it is maintenance rehearsed
Miller 7 +/-2 items
If prolonged rehearsal pass onto ltm
Long term memory
Coded semantically
Duration up to life time
When we want to recall info transferred back into stm called retrieval
Types of long term memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Long term memory store for personal events occurred and the people objects places and behaviours involved
Memories retrieved consciously and with effort
Semantic memory
Facts and knowledge of the world for example what concepts mean
Need to be recalled deliberately
Procedural memory
Knowledge of how to do things
Recall these memories without making conscious effort
Working memory model
Stm is a dynamic processor of different types of info using subunits coordinated by a central decision making system
Aspects of the WMM
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Episodic buffer
Central executive
Supervisory role
Monitors incoming data and divides limited attention and allocates subsystems to tasks
V limited capacity and doesn’t store info
Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information
Phonological store - stores words you hear
Articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal loop is two second capacity
Visuospatial sketch pad
Stores visual and spatial info
Limited capacity 3/4 items
Visual cache stores visual data
Inner scribe records arrangement of objects in visual field
Episodic buffer
Temporary info store intergrating sub stores and maintaining time sequence linking to ltm
Capacity of 4 chunks
Explanations for forgetting
Interference
Retrieval failure
Interference
Forgetting one memory because blocked by another causing one or both to be distorted
Proactive interference
When older memory interferes with then new
Pro- fessional (old) better than the newbies
Retroactive interference
When new memories interfere with old ones
(Retro stuff is forgotten about)
Retroactive research McGeoch + McDonald
Learn list of 10 words perfectly
Then learn new list 6 lists - synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, consonant syllables, numbers, no new list
Synonyms = worst recall
Interference strongest when similar
Retrieval failure
Occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access the memory not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided
Encoding specificity principal
A cue must be present at encoding and present at retrieval
Context dependent forgetting
Recall depends on external cue
Hidden Baddeley deep sea divers words on land recall in sea etc
40% lower recall in non matching conditions
State dependent forgetting
Recall depends on internal cues
Carter and Cassaday antihistamines learn on drug recall in normal state
Mismatch memory test was significantly worse
Factors affecting accuracy of eyewitness testimony
Misleading information : leading questions / post event discussion
Anxiety : positive and negative
Leading questions
Loftus and palmer = watch clips of car accident asked how fast did they….
Contacted = slowest Smashed was the highest 10mph more
Why do leading qs affect EWT
Response bias explanation - influences how they answer no effect on mementoes
Substitution explanation - influence memory cars smashed likely to report broken glass when none was broken
Post event discussion research
Gabbert et al- each pp watched crime from different perspective - pp could see elements others couldn’t - then discuss
Found 71% recalled aspects that they didn’t see but picked up in discussion
Why post event discussion effect EWT
Memory contamination- discussion causes memories to be altered and distorted combine info from others
Memory conformity - win social approval or they are wrong - memory is unchanged
Anxiety -ve
Weapon focus Johnson and Scott= pp believe taking part in lab study
Casual convo pen and grease other heated knife and blood
50% identify pen man 33% identify knife man - tunnel theory only focus on weapon
Anxiety +ve
Flight/fight response increased alert
Yuille and cutshall - shop shooting anxiety scored and accuracy ranked
Highest stressed most accurate
Yerkes Dodson Law
Optimal level
If too much drastic decline
If too low poor performance
Cognitive interview
Report everything- may trigger other memories
Reinstate context- return to scene in mind context dependent forgetting
Reverse order- prevent reporting expectations/ dishonesty
Change perspective - disrupt expectation and effect of schema on recall
Enhanced CI
Interviewer needs to k when to establish eye contact
Reduce anxiety
Minimise distraction
Open ended questions
Speak slowly
