Paper 3 Evaluation Flashcards
(41 cards)
Top down approach
S= analysis of 100 serial killings 39 repetitive aspects for example hiding a body or cleaning up which match with the FBI organised profile
S= ability to adapt to other crimes used in burglaries found 85% rise solve involve interpersonal and opportunistic aspects to model
L= Model formed off of 36 interviews w murderers such small sample suggest unscientific question calidity
Bottom up approach
S= Canter & Landrigan 120 cases site of bodies created centre of grav around home more obv in marauders
S= Canter 66 sexual assault/ rape cases found patterns of behaviours and that pp are consistent w such
L= Rely on poor police data 75% crimes unreported which questions accuracy and possibly other factors such as motivation are important - may not lead to success
Lombrosos atavistic form
L= Delisi - Racist African descent sloping brow strong jaw and dark skin match w eugenic policies at time
S= Father of scientific criminology shifts crime away from one’s moral linking more to biological causes and science contributing to offender profiling
L= Goring 3000 criminals 3000 non criminals found no determining facial differences no evidence challenge credibility
Biological explanations of offending (genetic)
L= twin studies - assume equal environments however MZ are more likely to be treated similarly than DZ this affect behav - result in higher concordance
S= Medwick 13000 adoptees 13.5% chance no bio or adopt 20% likely if bio predisposition to offend 24.5% if both
Biological explain to offending (neural)
S= Kandel and Freed frontal lobe damage causation of antisocial personality disorder xxxxx
L= Farrington APD is believed to be due to physical neglect and trauma experienced in childhood from parental figures
Eysenks theory
S= 2070 prisoners compare to 2422 control found high levels on epq test in all factors
L= Bartol and Halonchock Hispanic and African American in max security prison were all less extrovert suggest culturally relative concept
L= Farrington meta analysis studies show high EPQ scores inconsistent w Eysenks theory regarding nervous systems using EEGs
Cognitive explanation to offending
S= Hostile Attribution Bias can lead to treatment through CBT face up to what done and acceptance of irrational behav
S= Palmer & Hollin showed 126 offenders 11 dilemmas and were found to be less morally mature
L= may not apply to all forms of offending such as impaulsive crimes like assault whereas shoplifting shows preconventional morality xxxxx
Differential association theory
S= can account for both blue and white collar crime- although thought only if in blue collar can apply to more corporate crime such as tax avoidance if exposed
L= many untestable aspects of theory difficult to operationalise different variables for example pro criminal attitude levels
L= risks stereotyping individuals from pro crime poor backgrounds for example ignoring decision making and easy skapegoat to shift blame
Psych explanation of offending
S= Goreta 10 offenders psychic therapy and found all had disturbed superegos post prevalent over-harsh superego self punishment
L= Gender bias - women have weaker superego thus more should be in prison however predominantly men questions freud theory
L= may not be causal link maternal deprivation may not be the cause of offending more likely due to situ like poverty exposed to procrim Attitudes and mothers working
Custodial sentencing
L= institutionalisation / prisonisation learn skills from others exposed to more criminal behav and attitudes
L= terrible impact on mental health 119 suicides in prison in 2019 2x the rate outside young males most at risk 25% w 15% M develop Sz
S= Opportunity to learn helpful life skills and access treatment Shirley found 43% less likely to offend after training
Behavioural modification
L= ethical issues - manipulation and dehumanisation obligatory removing freedom of choice withdrawing rights
S= straightforward easy training and cheap no need for specialist application can be used in all prisons
L= not long term behavioural modification little rehabilitation value lost when released from prison as play along to receive rewards regress back after
Anger management
S= outlasts behav modification causes more permanent change tackles causes of offending regarding cognitive processing and anger consequences
L= expensive requires trained professionals ability to deal w violent criminals prisons may not have funding or prisoners may not be committed
L= Howell found that there was no impact in comparison to no treatment in majority of cases apart from select few w v high aggression only benefit some
Restorative justice
S= decrease recidivism Strang et al meta analyse studies found rest justice sig less likely to reoffend and Bain found reduced rates in face to face
L= may abuse system Van Gijseghen offenders do this to avoid punishment and play down faults and are just as likely to reoffend
S= also benefits victims 85% satisfied 78% recommend 80% closure
Diagnosis of Sz
S= good reliability +0.92 test retest +0.97 inter rater
L= poor validity Cheniaux 68 ICD 39 DSM either under or over diagnosed
L= comorbidity if conditions occur together question valid of diagnosis eg 50% w depression and sub abuse
L= gender bias men more likely than women 1.4:1 ratio women hide better more support
L= culture bis Afro Caribbean in culture voices ancestors however abnormal and lead to overdiagnosing and discrimination
Biological explanation of Sz genes
S= support evidence tienari biological mother of adopted child cause heightened risk of developing sz
L= environmental support biological complications such as birth complications or physical such as thc rich cannabis and Morkved 67% trauma linkage
Biological explanation sz neural
S= Carren amphetamines once dopamine which worsened symp of sz and Taucher proved antipsychotic reduce dopamine less symp
L= post potter and scans found that neurotransmitter called glutamate abnormally high in those w Sz suggesting dp not only neurotransmitter
Psych explanation of Sz
S= Read - Sz is proportional to level of insecure attachment style 69% of women 59% men experienced sexual or physical abuse w Sz Morkved 67% Sz -childhood trauma
L= no evidence of schizo mother or double bind no support only support of childhood trauma not aspect in model no systematic evidence
Cognitive explanation of Sz
L= only proximal explanation doesn’t attempt to explain causal aspect - distal explanation such as if brain abnormalities cause meta rep or central control
S= Stirling et al 30 sz and control colours of colour words found Sz 2x slower support Frith view
Biological therapy for Sz
L= sever side effects NMS - coma and death tardive dyskinesia- invol facial movement agranulocytosis- all put off patients
S= effectiveness chloropromazine better func than placebo and clozapine improve 30-50% if typical doesn’t work
L= unsure on mechanics of the drug tied up w original dop hypothesis if sz caused by too low dop then antipsychotic drugs shouldn’t work
Psych therapy for Sz
S= McFarlane most consistent and effective treatment w lowest relapse rates reduced by 50-60% NICE recommend
S= benefits all members of family provide bulk care and strengthen functioning of family reducing stress and less of a negative impact reduce relapse
Cognitive treatment for Sz
S= Jauhar analysed 34 studies found that cbt has significant effects on positive an negative symptoms NICE also recommend
L= non standardised techniques and multiple different symptoms this means that some techniques may work for some but may not be beneficial for others therefore it’s validity varies from patient to patient
Management of Sz
L= unethical - removal of rights freedom dehumanise inposing or restricting pleasure negative impact on client worsen mh
L= presence of more ethical alternatives eg art therapy non invasicve ethical and no sever side effects high gain low risk treatment NICE recommended
S= effectiveness Glonacki 1999-2013 found in institutes w chronic mental health patients show reduction of negative symptoms
Interactionist approach
S= tienari 19000 finish children whose bio mothers had high risk in which once if adopted parents show high hostility and criticism
S= treatment support Tarrier CBT and medic council and medic and just medic - cbt and council best outcome reduce symptoms most
Androgyny
S= Bem produce high internal valid list of 200 words top 20 each catergories pilot study with 1000 students correspond to own identity month later repeat same results high reliability
L= some may not have insight into own gender identity so will struggle to answer truthfully on the bsri gender is a social construct so subjective
S- quantative measure Spence argue qualitative is more valuable combine both in paq useful in identifying gender