Paper 3 Evaluation

Question 1

Top down approach

Answer 1

S= analysis of 100 serial killings 39 repetitive aspects for example hiding a body or cleaning up which match with the FBI organised profile

S= ability to adapt to other crimes used in burglaries found 85% rise solve involve interpersonal and opportunistic aspects to model

L= Model formed off of 36 interviews w murderers such small sample suggest unscientific question calidity

Question 2

Bottom up approach

Answer 2

S= Canter & Landrigan 120 cases site of bodies created centre of grav around home more obv in marauders

S= Canter 66 sexual assault/ rape cases found patterns of behaviours and that pp are consistent w such

L= Rely on poor police data 75% crimes unreported which questions accuracy and possibly other factors such as motivation are important - may not lead to success

Question 3

Lombrosos atavistic form

Answer 3

L= Delisi - Racist African descent sloping brow strong jaw and dark skin match w eugenic policies at time

S= Father of scientific criminology shifts crime away from one’s moral linking more to biological causes and science contributing to offender profiling

L= Goring 3000 criminals 3000 non criminals found no determining facial differences no evidence challenge credibility

Question 4

Biological explanations of offending (genetic)

Answer 4

L= twin studies - assume equal environments however MZ are more likely to be treated similarly than DZ this affect behav - result in higher concordance

S= Medwick 13000 adoptees 13.5% chance no bio or adopt 20% likely if bio predisposition to offend 24.5% if both

Question 5

Biological explain to offending (neural)

Answer 5

S= Kandel and Freed frontal lobe damage causation of antisocial personality disorder xxxxx

L= Farrington APD is believed to be due to physical neglect and trauma experienced in childhood from parental figures

Question 6

Eysenks theory

Answer 6

S= 2070 prisoners compare to 2422 control found high levels on epq test in all factors

L= Bartol and Halonchock Hispanic and African American in max security prison were all less extrovert suggest culturally relative concept

L= Farrington meta analysis studies show high EPQ scores inconsistent w Eysenks theory regarding nervous systems using EEGs

Question 7

Cognitive explanation to offending

Answer 7

S= Hostile Attribution Bias can lead to treatment through CBT face up to what done and acceptance of irrational behav

S= Palmer & Hollin showed 126 offenders 11 dilemmas and were found to be less morally mature

L= may not apply to all forms of offending such as impaulsive crimes like assault whereas shoplifting shows preconventional morality xxxxx

Question 8

Differential association theory

Answer 8

S= can account for both blue and white collar crime- although thought only if in blue collar can apply to more corporate crime such as tax avoidance if exposed

L= many untestable aspects of theory difficult to operationalise different variables for example pro criminal attitude levels

L= risks stereotyping individuals from pro crime poor backgrounds for example ignoring decision making and easy skapegoat to shift blame

Question 9

Psych explanation of offending

Answer 9

S= Goreta 10 offenders psychic therapy and found all had disturbed superegos post prevalent over-harsh superego self punishment

L= Gender bias - women have weaker superego thus more should be in prison however predominantly men questions freud theory

L= may not be causal link maternal deprivation may not be the cause of offending more likely due to situ like poverty exposed to procrim Attitudes and mothers working

Question 10

Custodial sentencing

Answer 10

L= institutionalisation / prisonisation learn skills from others exposed to more criminal behav and attitudes

L= terrible impact on mental health 119 suicides in prison in 2019 2x the rate outside young males most at risk 25% w 15% M develop Sz

S= Opportunity to learn helpful life skills and access treatment Shirley found 43% less likely to offend after training

Question 11

Behavioural modification

Answer 11

L= ethical issues - manipulation and dehumanisation obligatory removing freedom of choice withdrawing rights

S= straightforward easy training and cheap no need for specialist application can be used in all prisons

L= not long term behavioural modification little rehabilitation value lost when released from prison as play along to receive rewards regress back after

Question 12

Anger management

Answer 12

S= outlasts behav modification causes more permanent change tackles causes of offending regarding cognitive processing and anger consequences

L= expensive requires trained professionals ability to deal w violent criminals prisons may not have funding or prisoners may not be committed

L= Howell found that there was no impact in comparison to no treatment in majority of cases apart from select few w v high aggression only benefit some

Question 13

Restorative justice

Answer 13

S= decrease recidivism Strang et al meta analyse studies found rest justice sig less likely to reoffend and Bain found reduced rates in face to face

L= may abuse system Van Gijseghen offenders do this to avoid punishment and play down faults and are just as likely to reoffend

S= also benefits victims 85% satisfied 78% recommend 80% closure

Question 14

Diagnosis of Sz

Answer 14

S= good reliability +0.92 test retest +0.97 inter rater
L= poor validity Cheniaux 68 ICD 39 DSM either under or over diagnosed

L= comorbidity if conditions occur together question valid of diagnosis eg 50% w depression and sub abuse

L= gender bias men more likely than women 1.4:1 ratio women hide better more support

L= culture bis Afro Caribbean in culture voices ancestors however abnormal and lead to overdiagnosing and discrimination

Question 15

Biological explanation of Sz genes

Answer 15

S= support evidence tienari biological mother of adopted child cause heightened risk of developing sz

L= environmental support biological complications such as birth complications or physical such as thc rich cannabis and Morkved 67% trauma linkage

Question 16

Biological explanation sz neural

Answer 16

S= Carren amphetamines once dopamine which worsened symp of sz and Taucher proved antipsychotic reduce dopamine less symp

L= post potter and scans found that neurotransmitter called glutamate abnormally high in those w Sz suggesting dp not only neurotransmitter

Question 17

Psych explanation of Sz

Answer 17

S= Read - Sz is proportional to level of insecure attachment style 69% of women 59% men experienced sexual or physical abuse w Sz Morkved 67% Sz -childhood trauma

L= no evidence of schizo mother or double bind no support only support of childhood trauma not aspect in model no systematic evidence

Question 18

Cognitive explanation of Sz

Answer 18

L= only proximal explanation doesn’t attempt to explain causal aspect - distal explanation such as if brain abnormalities cause meta rep or central control

S= Stirling et al 30 sz and control colours of colour words found Sz 2x slower support Frith view

Question 19

Biological therapy for Sz

Answer 19

L= sever side effects NMS - coma and death tardive dyskinesia- invol facial movement agranulocytosis- all put off patients

S= effectiveness chloropromazine better func than placebo and clozapine improve 30-50% if typical doesn’t work

L= unsure on mechanics of the drug tied up w original dop hypothesis if sz caused by too low dop then antipsychotic drugs shouldn’t work

Question 20

Psych therapy for Sz

Answer 20

S= McFarlane most consistent and effective treatment w lowest relapse rates reduced by 50-60% NICE recommend

S= benefits all members of family provide bulk care and strengthen functioning of family reducing stress and less of a negative impact reduce relapse

Question 21

Cognitive treatment for Sz

Answer 21

S= Jauhar analysed 34 studies found that cbt has significant effects on positive an negative symptoms NICE also recommend

L= non standardised techniques and multiple different symptoms this means that some techniques may work for some but may not be beneficial for others therefore it’s validity varies from patient to patient

Question 22

Management of Sz

Answer 22

L= unethical - removal of rights freedom dehumanise inposing or restricting pleasure negative impact on client worsen mh

L= presence of more ethical alternatives eg art therapy non invasicve ethical and no sever side effects high gain low risk treatment NICE recommended

S= effectiveness Glonacki 1999-2013 found in institutes w chronic mental health patients show reduction of negative symptoms

Question 23

Interactionist approach

Answer 23

S= tienari 19000 finish children whose bio mothers had high risk in which once if adopted parents show high hostility and criticism

S= treatment support Tarrier CBT and medic council and medic and just medic - cbt and council best outcome reduce symptoms most

Question 24

Androgyny

Answer 24

S= Bem produce high internal valid list of 200 words top 20 each catergories pilot study with 1000 students correspond to own identity month later repeat same results high reliability

L= some may not have insight into own gender identity so will struggle to answer truthfully on the bsri gender is a social construct so subjective

S- quantative measure Spence argue qualitative is more valuable combine both in paq useful in identifying gender

Question 25

Chromosomes and hormones in Gender

Answer 25

S= Wang et al hypergonadism testosterone therapy increasing sex drive muscle mass aggression drive shows test has a powerful influence

L= ignore social factors affect behaviours Hofstede gender identity is consequence of social norms eg individual cultures masc traits valued higher

L= gender reduced to genes and chemicals whereas cog develop schema or psych depends on interaction in childood gender is more complex

Question 26

Atypical chromo patterns

Answer 26

L= sample issue identify symptoms from mild to severe need a large sample however only most severe diagnosed may not affect psych exaggeration

S= application early diagnosis manage symptoms of Kline if treat at young age dog benefits to those in adulthood

S= contribute to nature nurture debate eg psych bio basis such as reading ability or spatial memory level is somewhat biological

Question 27

Kohlbergs theory of gender

Answer 27

S= Damon story of George play w doll 4 yrs said fine 6 years said it was wrong

L= support research contains unsatisfactory methods gender constancy is difficult to determine due to social construct however when shown naked images 40% of 3-5yr olds can determine gc

L= contradict with GST gender scheme develop at 2/3yrs old as soon as identify in comparison to Kohlbergs 6yrs

Question 28

Gender schema theory

Answer 28

S= support evidence children under 6 yrs old had greater memory for gender constant images a week later and replaced those images inconsistent w stereo gender

L- Zosuls gender identity 9-21 month old found when able to communicate around 19 months can identify as boy/girl gender identity develop before

L= contradict w Kohlbergs theory develop constancy at 6 yrs old whereas M+H said show gender appropriate behav as soon as identify

Question 29

Psych theory of gender

Answer 29

L= pseudoscience unfalsifiable variables and subjective case study

L= alpha bias penis envy in females Victorian male dominated era “womb envy” now androcentric bias and lack temporal valid

S= Rekers + Morey 99 boys aged 3-11 found those who were gender disturbed lacked a father figure negative impact in line w freud

Question 30

SLT of gender

Answer 30

S=Smith and Lloyd dressed 4-6 month olds boy half the time and girl half the time regardless of gender. Found if dressed as boy hammer and reinforce activeness if girl doll and reinforce passive behav

S- Bobo doll found that children shown adults beating a Bobo doll more likely to imitate behav shown by same sex adult (role model)

L=doesn’t provide adequate explanation how learning process change w age. Modelling occur at any age so a 2yr old learn the same as at 9 yrs old - questions credibility and conflicts w Kohlbergs

Question 31

Culture influence on gender

Answer 31

S=Hofstede argues that women’s now prevalent role in the workplace has led to breakdown of stereotypical attitudes. However non industrial countries women still do housework

L=Freeman follow up study found Mead was misled by preconceptions and communication between participants - observer bias and ethnocentric study decrease valid

Question 32

Media influence on gender

Answer 32

S= Bond and Drogas found more who watched jersey shore were more permissive towards casual sex cultivating their perception of reality

L= Durkin found that very young children are not affected by media however far more determinant is family. If media doesn’t reinforce these beliefs it is rejected

Question 33

Gender bias

Answer 33

L= Gender differences presented as fixed in data - Macoby and Jack girl verbal ability and male spatial ability better Joel et al scanned brains found no difference

L= promote sexism in research - found that women are heavily i represented in field of psychology- researchers may find women as irrational in which may cause data to show women underperform

L= Challenging research and gender bias research rarely published analysis of 1000 studies found that gender bias is heavily underfunded and published less

Question 34

Culture bias

Answer 34

L= most influential psychological research subject to this eg Milgrams and Asch use WEIRD suggests can only apply to individualistic cultures

L= led to prejudice Hould explain eugenic policies result of bias IQ test. WW1 recruits pilot test IQ test. Found ethnocentric eg name 5 presidents - African American and Eastern Europeans score lowest - genetic inferiority denied education and prof

S= emergence of a new science - cultural psychology. Focus on taking an emic approach and using indigenous psychologists and culture based techniques do describe and determine behav

Question 35

Free will and determinism

Answer 35

S= free will practical value thinking free wil is better for one’s mental health Roberts found young adults fatalism caused high risk of depression

L= free will not supported by evidence Libet asked participants to flick wrist whenever they wanted found that unconscious brain made decision half second before

S= application to justice system determinism isn’t consistent w legal system one was free will and is responsible for own actions and decisions leading to it

Question 36

Nature/Nurture

Answer 36

S=RWA OCD is highly inheritable Nestadt 0.76 heritability rate however by understanding this can offer genetic counselling in which can reduce likelihood of trigger provide advice to prevent from environmental triggers

S= support epigenetics Dutch Hunger winter pregans women gave birth to underweight children 2x more likely to develop Sz

S= use in adoption studies if adopted child is more similar to adopted parents can see environ more influence however if more sim to bio parent can see nature for influential 41% genetic account for aggression

Question 37

Holism/ reductionism

Answer 37

L= Holism lacks practical value hard to use v complex if accept holism it is v difficult to determine most influential factors - diff to apply to therapy

S= reductionist scientific operationalises variables break down into testable constituent parts in which can conduct experiments or observations

L= reductionist over simplify complex phenomena which reduces validity offers only partial explanation

Question 38

Idiographic/ nomothetic

Answer 38

L= nomothetic accused of losing the person too focused on general laws know 1% risk of Sz tells little or what it is like to have Sz helpful in developing treat

S= both fit within aims of science nomothetic closer to natural sciences objectivity through standardised procedures whereas idiographic objectivity via triangulation and careful avoiding bias

S= idiographic approach contributes to nomothetic approach by challenging existing theories and creating hypotheses acting as a pebble that starts an avalanche eg HM develop WMM

Question 39

Ethical implication of research studies

Answer 39

S= benefits for group Kinsey study 5000 homo men normal behaviour and women in which was taboo at the time and removed from DSM in 1973 as a personality disorder

S= certain groups rely on research into field - governments look to research to develop social policies for example poverty and crime

L= poor research led to erroneous findings which still impact today - eg IQ eugenic policies in America Black people still discriminated against although illegal some may be refused jobs due to this

Question 40

Atypical gender development bio

Answer 40

S= Rametti study white matter before and after hormone therapy before white matter same to what identify as

L= BST challenge fMRI proof may just be result of hormone therapy

Question 41

Atypical gender development social and psych

Answer 41

S= not all cultures have 2 genders part of one’s social construct eg increase of non binary demonstrates cultural understanding has court up to how people have felt

L= psych doesn’t provide account for females and Rekers found that absence of father figure is more likely cause of atypical development