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NCE > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Type of research that contributes to a theory

A

Basic Research

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2
Q

Type of research that helps answer the question of whether or not a theory helps solve real world problems

A

Applied Research

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3
Q

Whether or not a study can be replicated to get the same results

A

Reliability

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4
Q

Idea that a findings should be explained in the simplest way possible.

A

Parsimony

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5
Q

When unknown influences on the results make the study inaccurate

A

Confounding

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6
Q

The variable that an experimenter manipulates

A

Independent Variable

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7
Q

The outcome of the experiment (type of variable)

A

Dependent Variable

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8
Q

This variable is always some form of human response

A

Dependent Variable

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9
Q

The group that does not receive the IV

A

Control Group

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10
Q

The group that does receive the IV

A

Experimental Group

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11
Q

Question you’re trying to find out in an experiment

A

What is the impact of IV on DV?

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12
Q

Avoids sampling bias and keeps the researcher honest

A

Random Sampling

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13
Q

Random Sampling AND ______ are necessary.

A

Random Assignment to Experimental and Control Groups

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14
Q

When subjects cannot be randomly assigned or the experiments lacks in the control group this is called…

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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15
Q

All intact group studies are considered ______

A

Quasi-experimental

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16
Q

When the people from subgroups are selected this is called

A

Stratified Sampling

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17
Q

When people are selected from subgroups to mimic the ratios of the general population

A

Proportional stratified sampling

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18
Q

When you use naturally existing groups and randomly select participants from the cluster

A

Cluster Sampling

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19
Q

“nth” sampling or “k-ith” sampling when, for example, every 10 person is chosen for the study

A

Systematic Sampling

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20
Q

The ______ of the sample is more important than the procedure used to pick the subjects

A

representativeness

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21
Q

Judgment sample, convenience sampling, and quota sampling are all…

A

Non-probability Methods

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22
Q

Sampling that is thought to be representative of the population by the researcher

A

Judgment Sampling

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23
Q

An existing group is used with no random sampling

A

Convenience Sampling

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24
Q

Pre-specified characteristics are used that mimic what is likely to be representative of the population in the future.

A

Quota Sample

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25
Q

The hunch a researcher has

A

Experimental Hypothesis

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26
Q

The experimental hypothesis is written as

A

Capital H with a small 1 next to it. It could also be written with a tiny a.

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27
Q

the short version of additional hypotheses

A

H2, H3, etc.

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28
Q

When the researcher predicts no significant difference between the control or experimental groups, this is called

A

Null Hypothesis

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29
Q

Null Hypothesis can be written as

A

H with a tiny 0

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30
Q

The tense used to write a hypothesis in the modern form

A

Present Tense

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31
Q

Describes how likely it is that the difference between control and experimental groups occurred by chance

A

Level of Significance (AKA Confidence Level or Alpha Level)

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32
Q

Short form to describe that there’s a 5% chance that difference between groups occurred by chance

A

p=.05

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33
Q

Type of error in which you reject null when it is true- REBT helped with alcoholism, but really it didn’t

A

Type 1 Error

34
Q

Type of error in which you accept null when it is false- REBT did not help alcoholics, but it did

A

Type 2 Error

35
Q

Tells if the experiment measures what it is supposed to measure

A

Validity

36
Q

Tells if the results can be generalized to other groups in the real world

A

External Validity

37
Q

When people perform better because they know they are being observed

A

Hawthorne Effect

38
Q

Tells if the study forms a valid cause/effect

A

Internal Validity

39
Q

Instrumentation, measurement methods, observer judgment, maturation, statistical regression, selection of groups, attrition, and demoralization are all threats to

A

Internal Validity

40
Q

When time impacts the results this is called

A

Maturation

41
Q

When re-administering a test affects the results it is called

A

Statistical Regression

42
Q

Two terms used to talk about whether or not test subjects stay in the study for the duration

A

Attrition or Experimental Mortality

43
Q

To test the significance of a study, this tests the hypothesis between two normally distributed samples

A

T-Test (appropriate for 30 or more subjects)

44
Q

Conducting a T-Test on two separate occasions

A

Dependent or Correlated T-Test

45
Q

Needs to be used to analyze variants if there are more than two groups in an experiment

A

an ANOVA

46
Q

A ratio of two variances (how far the data are scattered from the mean)

A

F Statistic
F-Tests
Named after Fisher

47
Q

Needed if there is more than one Dependent Variable

A

Multi-Variant Analysis of Variants

MANOVA

48
Q

Needing to adjust groups so that a variable that might correlate with the DV will not throw off the study - for example if you find out one of the groups has read a book on REBT before the REBT study

A

ANCOVA - allows the researcher to statistically remove the effect of extraneous variables

49
Q

Type of research that looks at whether a relationship between two variables exist, and if so, what is the magnitude and direction

A

Correlational Research

50
Q

Correlation of choice is called

A

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

51
Q

The range of correlations is

A

-1 through +1

52
Q

When the correlation means that one goes up and the other goes down

A

Negative Correlation

53
Q

When the correlation means both go either up or down

A

Positive Correlation

54
Q

The mean, median, and mode all fall in the middle of this

A

Bell Curve or Gauzean Curve

55
Q

Mean Median and Mode are all

A

Measures of Central Tendency

56
Q

In a bell curve, when there are extreme values and the curve leans to one side or the other

A

Skewed Population

57
Q

Bar Graphs are all called

A

Histograms

58
Q

A measure of variability that shows the difference between highest and lowest values

A

Range

59
Q

The measure of dispersion is called

A

Variance

60
Q

Square root of the variants, useful in discussing spread of scores

A

Standard Deviation (SD)

61
Q

This is not experimental and just describes a group (i.e. average, range, etc.)

A

Descriptive Statistics

62
Q

Uses numbers to classify, but is qualitative, not quantitative

A

Nominal (Scale of Measurement)

63
Q

Describes variables that can be rank ordered (high, medium, low)

A

Ordinal Scale

64
Q

Scaled at equal distances, but no zero point (you can receive a zero on a test, but you don’t have zero knowledge)

A

Interval Scale

65
Q

Does have a true zero point and each number is measured from zero (weight/height)

A

Ratio Scale

66
Q

The simplest approach to research

A

Survey

67
Q

When using a questionnaire, 30-50% return rate is typical, but you can’t make generalizations under

A

75% return

68
Q

looks at overall dynamics of culture or situation rather than a single factor- holistic and inductive (case studies)

A

Ethnographic Research

69
Q

generalize based on observations

A

inductive reasoning

70
Q

when hypotheses derived from general principles

A

Deductive Reasoning

71
Q

Rate an individual on one characteristic but really you’re influenced by another

A

Halo Effect

72
Q

Experimenters expectations influence subjects

A

Rosenthal Effect

73
Q

In testing or experimentation - refers to typical person who was tested

A

Norms

74
Q

The letter N is used to represent

A

the number of subjects in a study

75
Q

Untransformed scores

A

Raw scores

76
Q

follow same people over a period of time (trend studies)

A

Longitudinal Research

77
Q

just says there will be a difference but doesn’t say how

A

Non-directional Hypothesis

78
Q

asserts how things will be different

A

Directional Hypothesis

79
Q

The probability of committing a type 1 error equals

A

The significance level set for the experiment.

If the significance level is .05, you are accepting a 5% chance that you are wrong when you reject the null hypothesis.

80
Q

What is stanine score?

A

Standard 9- divides into 9 and 5 is the mean. There is also T-scale where 50 is the mean.

NCE (9 decks)

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