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NCE > Helping Relationships and Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy > Flashcards

Helping Relationships and Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

bumps on the skull

A

Phrenology

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2
Q

Fluid in the brain and magnetism (France Mesmer)

A

Mesmerism

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3
Q

Known as the “talking cure”

A

Catharsis/Abreaction

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4
Q

Viennese Neurologist who relied on catharsis (talking cure) aka abreaction

A

Yosef Broyer

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5
Q

A patient of Joseph Breuer who coined the phrase “talking cure” and was a major inspiration for Freud.

A

Anna O

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6
Q

In a dream, this is the literal content and storyline.

A

manifest content

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7
Q

In a dream, this is the underlying meaning.

A

latent content

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8
Q

performed face-to-face and is briefer than Freudian Psychoanalysis

A

Psychodynamic Therapy

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9
Q

Client cannot see analyst
Slow and expensive
Best for motivated individuals
Works best when client is not making major life changes and NOT good treatment for crises

A

classical Freudian Psychoanalysis

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10
Q

In this theory the mind consists of 3 parts: the Id, the Ego, and the Superego

A

Structural Theory

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11
Q

The part of the mind that holds dreams, slips of the tongue, neurotic symptoms, and free association

A

the Id

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12
Q

Part of the mind: instincts inherited at birth, no morals, no organization, no sense of time biological drives

A

The Id

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13
Q

Part of the mind: attempts to balance forces of the Eid and Superego

A

Ego

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14
Q

Part of the mind: Moral standards the person tries to reach; The perfect person in terms of what the person’s parent’s want
Acts as the conscience
Moral code
Evolves through successful passing through of the oedipus complex

A

Superego- ego ideal

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15
Q

Says the Psyche is made of 3 parts, conscious, unconscious, preconscious

A

Topographic Notion

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16
Q

Part of the psyche that can be recalled if you try hard enough

A

Preconscious

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17
Q

Part of the psyche that is -deep below awareness, only available through analytic techniques

A

Unconscious

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18
Q

Type of psychology dealing with trying to reach the unconscious mind

A

Depth psychology

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19
Q

Says behavior is determined by biological drives, instincts, etc.

A

Deterministic

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20
Q

Conceal or hide the real source of anxiety and keep the Ego from being overwhelmed
Denies or distorts reality (unconsciously)

A

Ego Defense Mechanisms

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21
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Unconsciously staying away from anything that may cause unwanted feelings

A

Avoidance

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22
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Having an abusive mother, so later having difficulty with women teachers

A

Acting Out

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23
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Refusal to believe or accept unwanted reality

A

Denial

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24
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Transferring emotions associated with person or event to another less threatening person, object or situation

A

Displacement

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25
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Dealing with emotional conflict or stress by splitting off or repressing some part of your personality or consciousness from your awareness

A

Dissociation

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26
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Unconscious modeling of another person’s values, attitudes, or behavior

A

Identification

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27
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Use of thinking to avoid unpleasant feelings

A

Intellectualization

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28
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Separation from emotions from precipitating event or situation

A

Isolation

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29
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Attributing one’s unwanted thoughts, characteristics, feelings to another person

A

Projection

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30
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Attempting to justify one’s behavior by presenting reasons that sound logical

A

Rationalization

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31
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Adopting behaviors or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.

A

Reaction Formation

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32
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Dealing with emotional stress by forcing out any thoughts, memories, impulses from conscious awareness.

A

Repression

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33
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism: Substituting constructive and socially acceptable behavior for strong impulses not acceptable in their original form

A

Sublimation

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34
Q

Analytic Psychologist who thought libido was the life force, believed in a collective unconscious, and described archetypes. Also responsible for introversion/extroversion and word association.

A

Carl Jung

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35
Q

A social mask that hides deep feelings

A

Persona

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36
Q

Feminine side

A

Anema

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37
Q

Masculine side

A

Anemus

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38
Q

Myers-Briggs was based on his work

A

Carl Jung

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39
Q

Father of Analytical Psychologi

A

Carl Jung

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40
Q

Psychologist famous for Individual Psychology. Believed in significance of birth order, inferiority complex, and that humans strive to become part of a group.

A

Alfred Adler

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41
Q

A neo-freudian/ego psychologist who emphasized social factors and thought basic anxiety was due to a lack of love in childhood.

A

Karen Horney

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42
Q

To overcome insecurity, Horney said people do these 3 things in their relationships with others.

A

Moving toward, moving against, and moving away

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43
Q

The main goal of behavior therapy is to

A

overcome unwanted behaviors

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44
Q

The idea that even if you cure one symptom, another will take it’s place unless you deal with the root cause.

A

Symptom Substitution

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45
Q

A behavior you can see

A

Overt

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46
Q

A process or feeling you cannot see

A

Covert

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47
Q

The first thing a behavioral counselor will do with a client is

A

take a baseline of the unwanted behavior

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48
Q

May also be called a Neutral Stimulus

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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49
Q

The most efficient amount of time between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus is

A

.5 second

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50
Q

The meat and then the salivating in Pavlov’s dogs are

A

unconditioned stimulus & unconditioned response

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51
Q

The bell and the salivating in Pavlov’s dogs are

A

conditioned stimulus & conditioned response

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52
Q

The way that after a while of bell with no meat, the response will no longer occur is called

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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53
Q

Father of American Behaviorism who is known for the experiment with Little Albert

A

John B. Watson

54
Q

11 year old exposed to loud noise paired with harmless rat- this experiment is called ______ and showed us you can learn a phobia

A

Little Albert

55
Q

Paired fear with food to eliminate phobia showing that

Fear can be unlearned

A

Mary C. Jones

56
Q

Responsible for systematic desensitization- classical conditioning to unlearn habits/neurotic systems/behavioral repertoire

A

Joseph Wolpe

57
Q

classical conditioning to unlearn habits/neurotic systems/behavioral repertoire is called

A

systematic desensitization

58
Q

show the anxiety producing stimulus in the presence of relaxation/anxiety-inhibiting situation

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

59
Q

Progressive Muscle Relaxation resulted from the work of

A

Joseph Wolpe

60
Q

Said all problems are inhibition and used assertiveness training

A

Andrew Salter

61
Q

Noxious UCS paired with undesirable CS- for example, nausea inducing meds with alcohol.

A

Aversive Conditioning

62
Q

Deliberate exposure to anxiety provoking stimulus for 40-60 minutes with no feared consequence

A

Flooding

63
Q

like flooding but in the imagination

A

Implosive Therapy

64
Q

hooked to an electronic device monitoring bodily functions helping them to control their body

A

Biofeedback

65
Q

This theory emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others

A

Social Learning Theory

66
Q

Responsible for Social Learning Theory

A

Albert Bandura

67
Q

Reinforcement not provided directly to the individual, but to the model- results in

A

cognitive symbolic mediational process or observational learning

68
Q

exaggerate inappropriate behavior overtly or covertly

(you can’t shake with anxiety when you try)

A

Paradoxical Intention

69
Q

Client engages in dysfunctional behavior when they would not normally do so- works well with nail-biting or blushing

A

Knight Dunlap Beta Hypothesis

70
Q

Responsible for Multi-modal therapy

A

Lazarus

71
Q 
BASIC-ID
Behavior
Affective Responses
Sensations
Imagery
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs, prescriptions, biological factors

All used in this type of therapy

A

Multi-modal Therapy

72
Q

Responsible for Operant Conditioning

A

BF Skinner

73
Q

Two ways to increase behavior according to Skinner

A

Positive or Negative Reinforcement

74
Q

Two ways to decrease behavior, according to Skinner

A

Positive or Negative Punishment

75
Q

Says that a reinforcer can be based on what a person likes to do

A

Pre-Mac Principle

76
Q

To reinforce every instance of behavior (effective for new behaviors)

A

Continuous Reinforcement

77
Q

To -reinforce every so often- avoids satiation/habituation

A

Intermittent Reinforcement

78
Q

Certain number of behaviors are emitted before enforced

A

Ratio Schedule

79
Q

Certain amount of time elapses before behavior is enforced

A

Interval Schedule

80
Q

When a counselor goes from continuous to intermittent reinforcement it is called

A

Thinning

81
Q

No power of its own, but takes on power because it stands for the primary reinforcer: i.e.
Plastic token that can be turned in for a reward, the smell of bbq, talking while feeding your baby, money

A

Secondary Reinforcer (learned or conditioned reinforcer)

82
Q

lack of reinforcer (ignoring a behavior)

A

Extinction

83
Q

To reinforce behaviors which approach the target behavior

A

Shaping

84
Q

Responsible for REBT

A

Albert Ellis

85
Q

Involves: Teaching (didactic) clients to think their way out of an emotional disturbance
Active/Directive- homework assignments
Reading books
Client is a learner
Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view they take of things

A

REBT

86
Q

Illogical thinking: I must receive love and approval from all - you many want love, but you don’t need it

A

Absolutist Thinking

87
Q

“frustration leads to aggression”

A

Millard Psychological Hypothesis

88
Q

ABCDE theory

A 
Activating Event
Beliefs
Consequence
Disputing 
Effective new way of dealing with the problem
89
Q

Who is responsible for Cognitive Behavior Modification or Self-Instructional Theory

A

Donald Michenbaum

90
Q

Created depression inventory
Doesn’t like irrational ideas
Prefers Cognitive Distortions

A

Beck

91
Q

Focusing on one detail of an event rather than the entire situation

A

Selective Abstraction

92
Q

Conclude without support evidence and imagine the worst

A

Arbitrary Influences

93
Q

Uses REBT and has the client complete a written self-analysis
Ideal for Multicultural counseling and chemical dependency
Cognitive Restructuring

A

Rational Self-Counseling

94
Q

Theorist who was in Phenomenological Field- how the client views and experiences the world
Challenged directive approach
Rejected Freudian View of Mankind

A

Carl Rogers

95
Q

Felt that Behaviorism and psycho-analysis are demeaning to humans

A

Carl Rogers

96
Q

(integrated, authentic, genuine)

A

congruent

97
Q

communicated to client, trying to grasp their experience in the here and now, turning client’s world into your own, identifying with it personally

A

Accurate Empathy

98
Q

3 main characteristics of Person-Centered

A

Congruence (Most Important)
Unconditional Positive Regard
Accurate Empathy

99
Q

Called Humanism a 3rd force- an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism

A

Maslow

100
Q

Responsible for Reality Therapy

A

Glasser

101
Q

What are Success and Failure Identity?

A

Success Identity- self worth, meeting your own needs, and positive addiction (meditation for example.)

Failure Identity- Faulty perceptions and irresponsible behavior

102
Q

Responsible for Transactional Analysis

A

Eric Bern

103
Q

Made psychology fun and easy to understand

Goals for the therapy process

Parent/Child/Adult instead of Ego, Id, Superego

A

Transactional Analysis

104
Q

According to Bern, this part of someone’s identity includes attitudes and behaviors learned and incorporated from others

A

Parent

Critical Parent= shoulds/musts

Nurturing Parent- Supportive caretaker

105
Q

According to Bern, this part of identity operates independently, concerned with reality, not emotional or judgmental, examines information logicalls and decides based on intellect

A

Adult

106
Q

According to Bern, this part of identity is playful and spontaneous; self-centered, curious, affectionate, uncensored

A

Child

107
Q

According to Bern this is creative, full of intuition, amateur untrained psychologist, great at reading nonverbal behavior, good at psyching out others, writing a novel, composing, designing, improving relationships

A

Little Professor

108
Q

4 Psychological Positions in Life (Bern)

A

I’m Ok/You’re Ok- promotes mental health
I’m ok/You’re Not Ok- blaming others, criminal tendencies
I’m not Ok/You’re Ok- inept, inferior to others, causes depression
I’m not Ok/You’re not Ok-

109
Q

3 Roles of the Karpman Drama Triangle

A

Rescuer (soothes the victim, needs to feel important.)

Victim (poor little me)

Persecutor (critical, controlling, blaming)

110
Q

Who is responsible for Gestalt?

A

Frederick Fritz Pearls

111
Q

Type of Therapy: forming of an organized, meaningful whole; Help person be aware of and reclaim fragmented parts (become whole); experiential rather than cognitive

A

Gestalt

112
Q

Gestalt: causes clutter of the mind and inhibits awareness

A

Unfinished Business

113
Q

Gestalt: feeling stuck like you can’t mature anymore

A

Impasse

114
Q

Implosive/Explosive in Gestalt Therapy

A

Implosive- come in contact with deadness and lack of authenticity

Explosive- release pent up energy to become alive, real, authentic

115
Q

Gestalt: Top Dog- moralistic, righteous, mean
Under Dog- passive, victimized, defiant and fights for control
The client plays these roles in two chairs
Can be done in a group with an audience (and hot seat individual)

A

Dialogue Experiment

116
Q

3 Ego Defense Mechanisms that block authenticity

A

Projection, Introjection, Retroflection

117
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism that involves assigning personal attributes to others or the environment

A

Projection

118
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism: uncritically accept other people’s ideas, beliefs, and notions

A

Introjection

119
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism: -taking something you would like to do to someone else, but doing it to yourself out of fear

A

Retroflection

120
Q

“I/Thou” Relationship with the client (which types of therapy)

A

Gestalt/Existential

121
Q

Became an existential therapist after his time in concentration camps

A

Victor Franco

122
Q

Responsible for the idea of “I/thou” relationship

A

Buber

123
Q

The goal of existential therapy

A

to restore meaning to life

124
Q

What it is called when a person could be successful, but feel they have a loss of meaning in life

A

Existential Neurosis

125
Q

not utilizing present moments in a productive manner

A

Existential Guilt

126
Q

In Post Modern and Social Constructivism, reality is

A

Socially Constructed

127
Q

In Post-Modern and Social Constructivism, the therapist is

A

Not an all-knowing expert but a consultant/partner

128
Q

Type of Therapy: Assumes client has the ability to solve their problems
Must make them aware of this competence
Look for what IS working

A

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

129
Q

FFST- Formula First Session Task

A

Prescribe Homework between 1st and 2nd session

130
Q

Michael White and David Epstein were responsible for

A

Narrative Therapy

131
Q

Type of Therapy: We live our lives based on the stories we tell about ourselves and the stories others tell about us- problem saturated! Stories become self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Narrative Therapy

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