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research lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what level of evidence is a RCT

A

1B

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2
Q

where is the chart of the research design and outcome assessment ussuially found in the manuscript

A

methods : procedures

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3
Q

using ____ you can calculate how many participants you need to recruit

A

G*power

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4
Q

if the authors powe is .8 what does that mean

A

80% chance that there is a chance to finding the difference

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5
Q

if the p value is closer to alpha then what does that mean ? (alpha is .05)

A

that there is a less significant that there will be a difference

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6
Q

you should never see power below what number

A

.8

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7
Q

what are ways to increase power

A

-increase the number of participants
-decrease the variability of data by limiting people in the study
-make alpha level larger
-make effect size bigger by making difference of means bigger or make SD smaller

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8
Q

where do you find the consort diagram in the article

A

procedures

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9
Q

why is t-test not the best analysis

A

bc it requires you to divide your alpha

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10
Q

what kind of research design is it when participants are randomly assigned to at least two comparison groups

A

experimental (random)

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11
Q

what type of research design is it when there is no random assignment and typically involve the use of cohort groups

A

quasi - experimental (not random)

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12
Q

what is considered key for true experimental design

A

randomization

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13
Q

Some researchers consider “____ ” designs as better than having a control group since the participants serve as their own controls.

A

repeated measures

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14
Q

what measure compares 1 group over 2+ time periods

A

one way repeated measures

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15
Q

what research design handout is when the control group can be different intervention or standard of care … or simple compare without any intervention but the study sample is randomized

A

posttest only randomized group

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16
Q

what research design handout is when the control group can be different intervention or standard of care … or simple compare without any intervention but the study sample is in cohort groups

A

posttest only non randomized

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17
Q

what research design handout is - with or without randomization into groups , there are different participants in each cell

A

factorial fully independent (2+ IVs)

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18
Q

what does a 2x2 ANOVA tell you

A

there is 2 IV and they both have 2 pieces that go into them

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19
Q

what research design handout is - the subjects participate in every cell

A

factorial fully repeated

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20
Q

what is with or without randomization , groups of subjects move thru the repeated conditions

A

factorial mixed

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21
Q

what does a 2x3 mixed ANOVA mean

A

there are 2 IVs one with 2 levels and one with 3 that is repeated

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22
Q

what is the most common ANOVA

A

mixed

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23
Q

what is crossover with or without randomization

A

when at one point there is a switch in intervention

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24
Q

what provide the foundations for evaluating test , their uses and interpretations

A

measurement theory AKA psychometrics

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25
Q

what are the 2 most fundamental measurement theory concepts

A

reliability and validity

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26
Q

what study is any research study that investigates the reliability and/or validity of clinical and research measure

A

methodological study

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27
Q

what is the operational definition included in

A

the manuscript

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28
Q

variables such as aggression , cognition, pain , self esteem , strength , coordination etc must be specifically define in research .. what is this called

A

operational definition

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29
Q

what is the amount of change in an instrument that is beyond error

A

MDC- minimally detectable change

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30
Q

what is the amount for change in an instrument that results in a clinically relevant change in the pateint

A

MCID- minimal clinically important different

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31
Q

what is consider the consistency or the degree of association or covariation between 2 variables

A

reliability

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32
Q

when will reliability by high

A

if there is relative agreement between two varibale

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33
Q

what is the accuracy or the degree of correspondence between the concept being measrue and the varibale used to presents the concept

A

validity

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34
Q

when is an instrument considered valid

A

when the test actually measures what it is intended to measure

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35
Q

can the instrument be reliable without being valid >???
can it be valid without being reliable

A

yes and no bc if it isn’t reliable it wouldn’t be measuring the concept well

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36
Q

what is the difference between inter tester and intra tester

A

inter tester is seeing if different testers can get the same score and intra tester is seeing if the same tester can get the same score

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37
Q

what are the 2 different test retest reliability

A

seeing if successive measurements can be done by a instrument consistently

seeing if successive measurements by a patient can be consistent

38
Q

what is also called equivalent forms reliability

A

parallel forms reliability

39
Q

what type of reliability does this explain … Questions (from a test or a survey) are divided into two equivalent sets (forms). The two sets of questions are given to the same sample of people (at the same time or nearly the same time) and the reliability between the sets is calculated.

A

parallel forms reliability

40
Q

what reliablity does this describe …The questions (from a test or a survey) are split into two sets…and both sets
are given to one group of individuals

A

split half reliability

41
Q

what is face validity asking

A

does an instrument measure what it is supposed to measure based on simple observation?

42
Q

in expert panels for face validity , there is typically no ___ ____

A

statistical analysis

43
Q

what validity is The systematic examination of an instrument to determine whether it
covers the entire domain to be measured

A

content validity

44
Q

if we ask does an IQ questionnaire have
items covering all areas of intelligence discussed in the scientific literature?… what type of validity is it

A

content

45
Q

what is the key difference between face and content validity

A

face is what it appears to measure and vontent is what experts agree it measures

46
Q

what validity is defined as Can an instrument be used to predict some future performance/outcome

A

predictive validity

47
Q

this is an example of what kind of validity … Ex/ Berg Balance Scale: Score of < 45 indicates individuals may be at greater
risk of falling

A

predictive

48
Q

what validity is the degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by an instrument.

A

construct validity

49
Q

what validity is this an exmaple of x Ex/ Factor Analysis – statistical analysis of a survey that gives you the various
factors that are represented in an instrument.

A

construct

50
Q

what validly is The extent to which significant changes in the participants are reflected in substantive changes in observed values

A

responsiveness to change

51
Q

if you have a tool with these options : dependent , requires assistance and Ind is it considered responsive to change

A

no

52
Q

if you have a tool with these options : rate your ability from 0-10 if it going to be responsive to change

A

yes

53
Q

what is criterion validity

A

comparing the new tool to the gold standard

54
Q

what is considered a true positive rate

A

sensitivity

55
Q

if a person has a disease or condition what will sensitivity tell you

A

how often the test will be positive

56
Q

what type of test LOVES to give positive test results

A

high sensitive test

57
Q

does sensitivity rule in or out

A

rule out

58
Q

if you have a high sensitive test and u have a negative test result what is the probability that you have the disease

A

you don’t have the disease it has been ruled out

59
Q

what is a true negative rate

A

specificity

60
Q

a high specific test loves to give a ___ result

A

negative

61
Q

so if you have a high specific test and you get. a positive test result what does that men

A

it is highly likely you are positive , the test is ruled in

62
Q

does specificity rule in or out

A

in

63
Q

what is a true positive and false positive

A

true positive is if you have the conditions and the test is positive

false positive is if the test says you have the condition but you actually done (type 1 error)

64
Q

what is the different between true negative and false negative

A

true negative is when you don’t have the condition and you test negative

false negative i when you test negative but you are positive for condition type 2 erroe

65
Q

how do you find the sensitivity

A

true positive / condition positive (true positive + false negative )

66
Q

how do you find the specificity

A

true negotiate / condition negative (false postive + true negative)

67
Q

what does positive predictive value mean

A

tells us the probability that a person with a positive clinical test truly has the condition

68
Q

what does a negative predictive value tell us

A

the portability that a person with a negative clinical test truly doesn’t have the disease

69
Q

how do you find the positive predictive value

A

true postive / test outcome postive (true positive + false positive)

70
Q

how do you find th negative predictive value

A

true negative / test outcome negative (false negative + true negative)

71
Q

what happens to the postive predictive value as the prevalence of the disease in a population increases

A

it increases

72
Q

negative predictive value will do what as the prevalence of the disease in the population decease

A

increases

73
Q

what is one of the hallmarks of clinical decision making

A

likelihood rations

74
Q

for positive likelihood ratio is it better lower or higher

A

higher

75
Q

how do you find the positive LR

A

sensitivity / (100- specificity)

76
Q

which likelihood ration is the the lower the better

A

negative

77
Q

how do you find negative LR

A

(100- sensitivity) / specificity

78
Q

if what is the positive LR quality numbe4rs

A

10 is the best
5 is ok
2 is poor
1 is useless

79
Q

what is the negative LR quality numbers

A

1 is useless
.5 is poor
.2 is ok
.1 is best

80
Q

if the LR+ is a 2 how much does it increase percent wise

A

15%

81
Q

if the LR+ is a 5 how much does it increase percent wise

A

30

82
Q

if the LR+ is a 10 how much does it increase percent wise

A

45

83
Q

if the LR- is a .5 how much does it increase percent wise

A

15

84
Q

if the LR- is a .2 how much does it increase percent wise

A

30

85
Q

if the LR- is a .1 how much does it increase percent wise

A

45

86
Q

what is a way to visually combine sensitivity and specificity

A

ROC curves

87
Q

in the ROC curve what is on the vertical axis and horixational axis

A

plots sensitivity on vertical and plots (1- specificity) on horizontal axis

88
Q

if you are looking at the ROC curve and u see an increased are under the line what does that represent

A

high sensitivity anf specificity

89
Q

what number do we what the are under the red line (AUC) to be

A

higher to 1 the better

90
Q

for the best test what would you want one theron curve

A

low specificity and number sensitivity

RESEARCH (11 decks)

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