research in PT lecure 2 Flashcards
what is the manipulated variable
independent
what is the measure variable
dependent
what is • A variable that could influence the outcome of the study.
confounding variable
Example: You are comparing two different hydrogel dressings on partial thickness burn injury healing times.
IV:
DV:
Confounding:
IV:type of hydrogel dressing
DV: healing time
Confounding: cause of burn, co-morbidities, patient adherence, etc.
what type of research tests theories using numbers
quantitative
what is considered the “traditional method” of research
quantitative
what research is a precise measurement
quantitative
what research tests theories using language
qualitative
what research focuses on broad descriptions and understanding
complex phenomenon without direct manipulation
qualitative
what research is subject selection purposeful not random
qualitative
what research is typical done via interview
qualitative
which research has no control or manipulation of IV
qualitative
what type of research is One or a few participants are measured many times in order to better understand the
process.
single subject
what type of hypothesis statement is usually included in a manuscript
scientific/alternative
what is the one of the key factors affecting the way you analyze the data
the level of data
what are the 4 levels of data
nominal scale
ordinal scale
interval scale
ratio scale
what scale is an unordered set of categories identified only by name. ____ measurements only permit you to determine whether two individuals are the same or
different.
nominal scale
what scale is an ordered set of categories.
orfinal
Ordinal measurements tell you the
direction of ___ between two individuals.
difference
what is measurements identify the direction and magnitude of a difference.
interval
what scale is the zero point actually a value of zero
ratio
Ex/ gender, disease category
these are what levels of variables
nominal
Ex/ no help, some help, independent
what level of variable is this
ordinal
what 2 variables are considered qualitative data
nominal and ordinal
what variable is considered quantitative data
interval/ ration variables
Number of feet
Temperature
Range of motion
ml
LOS
these are examples of what variable
interval/ ration
quantitative data is ____ statistics
parametric
what is the descriptive stats for quantitative data (parametric stats)
means
median
mode
what is the association questions for quantitative data (parametric stats)
pearson’s correlations
what is the difference questions for quantitative data (parametric stats)
t-test and ANOVA
what is the descriptive stats for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)
median and mode
NO MEAN
what is the association questions for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)
spearman’s correlations
what is the difference questions for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)
Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney,
Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis
• ROM
• Sex
• Zip Codes
• Likert scales: Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree
• Gait Speed
• MMT grades
• NPRS – pain rated from 0-10
interval , ordinal , nominal
• ROM- I
• Sex- N
• Zip Codes- N
• Likert scales: Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree- O
• Gait Speed- I
• MMT grades- O
• NPRS – pain rated from 0-10- O
what kind of research study is a RCT
experimental
Surveys
Retrospective data
(with no comparative or
relationship analyses)
Normative
Qualitative
these are all types of which research study
descriptive
Correlational/Predictive
Methodological
these are examples of what type of research studies
exploratory
what kind of data is previously collected data again and no analyses are done
retrospective
which data is There are no statistical
analyses looking for differences or relationships
descriptive
what data is Analysis of interview responses in
order to discover themes
qualitative
what is the Relationships between
outcome measures: 6MWT/2MWT
correlational
what studies do not use a manipulated independent variable to differentiate
the groups. Instead, the variable that differentiates the groups is usually a pre-
existing participant variable (Dx A vs Dx B) or a time variable (such as pre/post).
quasi experimental
what level is set in advance
alpha level
what is the P value determined by
the outcome of the statistical analysis
what is the alpha level usually set at and what does it mean
.05 so there is a 5% risk of committing a type 1 error
define the P value
the actual probability that the results occurred just bc of sampling error
if the P value is less than .05 you __ the null hypothesis
reject
what is the best design to maximize internal validity
RCT
what interval validity is it when you ask Did something happen between pre and post testing to change the results?
history
what interval validity is it when you ask “Did the participants change over time? Ex/ Children. Disease recovery.”
maturation
what interval validity is it when you ask “Who dropped out and why?”
attrition/ mortality
what interval validity is it when you ask “Did repeated testing change the outcome?”
repeated testing
what interval validity is it when you ask” Did the measurement tool change? Need calibration?”
instrumentation
what interval validity is it when Groups with initial extreme scores tend to regress towards
the mean
regression to the mean
what interval validity is it when the Researcher is biased and influences the outcome
experimenter bias
what interval validity is it when the Researcher is biased and influences the outcome
experimenter bias
what interval validity is it when you ask “ Did the groups differ in key ways? Did the sample not represent the population”
selection
what is construct validity
study 1 thing but measuring something different
what validity need to be specific enough to find a difference but not too specific
that it is not generalizable…
external validity
what is error rate type 1
rejecting null when shouldn’t
what is error rate type 2
fail to reject when shoudl have
which error rate is worse
type 1 bc it is basically saying something is different when it isn’t
statistical concussion validity has excessive ____ of DV
variability
The entire group of individuals of interest is called
population
when is a sample selected
when the populations are so large
what is systematic sampling
selecting ppl in a certain order
ex: selects every 20th student on a list
what is stratified sampling
the sample frame is divided into parts or sections
ex: randomly select 10 students from every program
what is cluster sampling
the sample frame is divided into part or sections but ONLY certain parts or sections are used
are all members of the parts or sections sampled in cluster sampling
yes
what sampling is the members of the sample frame volunteer or self selected .. Examples: Internet polls, mailed surveys that need to be filled
out and returned.
convenience sampling
what is considered the least reliable and therefore th least desirable method of sampling but easiest
convenience sampling
The discrepancy between a sample statistic and its
population parameter is called
sampling error
Defining and measuring sampling error is a large part of ____ statistics.
inferential
____ is the chance of finding a significant difference if there is one to be found.
power
what is power affected by
if effect size goes up …. power goes up
number of participants go up … power goes up
what is cohen’s D a common measure of
effect size
what does Cohens D the different between
difference in 2 means dividied by the pooled standard deviation
in general if there is a larger difference in the groups it means ____ effect size L
larger
___ variability …. larger effect size
less
Interpretation of Cohen’s d (effect size) values:
D= .2
d=.5
d=.8
small
med
karate
