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Psych for the MCAT :) > Research Design, Statistics, Tests & Measurements > Flashcards

Research Design, Statistics, Tests & Measurements Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Age

A

Age at which a person functions intellectually, regardless of their actual chronological age

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables

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3
Q

Variables

A

Characteristic or property that varies in amount of kind and can be measured

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4
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Define the variables in the experiment so that the variables are measured

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5
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable whose effect is being studied and is manipulated by the experimenter

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable is expected to change due to variations or differences in the independent variable

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7
Q

Correlational Study

A

Researcher does not manipulate the independent variable

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8
Q

True Experiment

A

Researcher uses random assignment for groups and manipulates the independent variable

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9
Q

Quasi - Experiment

A

Researcher manipulates the independent variable but does not use randomly assigned groups

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10
Q

Naturalistic Observation (Field Study)

A

Researcher does not intervene; measure behavior as it naturally occurs

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11
Q

Sample

A

Subset of a population

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12
Q

Random Selection

A

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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13
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Assuring that each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

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14
Q

Between - Subjects Design

A

Each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable

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15
Q

Matched - Subjects Design

A

Experiment could match subjects on the basis of the variable that he wants to control

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16
Q

Population

A

The group the research wishes to generate her results to.

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17
Q

Representative Sample

A

Sample is a miniature version of the population

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18
Q

Within - Subjects Design (Repeated - Measures)

A

Pair each subject with themselves by using the same subjects in both groups
(2+ experiments with the same subjects involved and exposed to 2 + conditions)

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19
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Unintended Independent Variables

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20
Q

Control Group Design

A

Treating both groups equally except for the independent variable

Control group (no treatment) vs Experimental group (gets treatment)

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21
Q

Nonequivalent Group Design

A

Control group (no treatment) is not necessarily similar to the experimental group (gets treatment)) since the researcher does not use random assignment

22
Q

Double Blind Study

A

Neither researcher who interacts with the subjects nor the subjects themselves know which groups received the independent variable or which level of the independent variable

23
Q

Single Blind Study

A

Subjects do not know whether they are in the treatment or control group but the research does know

24
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them

25
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Tendency of people to behave differently if they know that they are being observed

26
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Experimenter’s expectations or attitudes that can affect results

27
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A type of demand characteristic where a placebo has a beneficial effect on the subjects

28
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying and summarizing a collection of actual observations

29
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Researchers generalize (from sample to population) beyond actual observation;

Using a relatively small batch of actual observations to make conclusions about the entire population of interest

30
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A
  • Mean
  • Mode
  • Median

Provide estimates of the average score

31
Q

Mode

A

Value of the most frequent observation in a set of scores

32
Q

Bimodal

A

Two values that are tied for being the most frequently occurring observation

33
Q

Median

A

Middle value when observations are ordered from least to most or from most to least; this divides distribution in half (NOT the halfway point)

If there is an even # of data points - add the two middle most numbers and divide by 2

34
Q

Mean

A

Numerical halfway point between the highest and lowest score; the arithmetic average

Sum of Observations
______________________
Number of Observations

35
Q

Variability

A

Difference in scores

  • if scores are all the same = 0 variability
  • if scores are all different = high variability
36
Q

Range

A

The smallest number in the distribution subtracted from the largest number

37
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measure of the typical distance of scores from the mean

38
Q

Variance

A

The square of the standard deviation; A description of how much each score varies from the mean

39
Q

Percentile

A

Percentage of scores that fall at or below the particular score

40
Q

Z-Score

A

Indicates the number of standard deviations your score is away from the mean

41
Q

Correlation Coefficients

A

Descriptive statistics that measure to what extent, if any, two variables are related

42
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Change in the value of one of the variables tends to be associated with a change in the same direction of the value of the other variable

43
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Change in the value of one of the variables tends to be associated with a change in the opposite direction of the other variable

44
Q

Factor

A

Cluster of variables highly correlated with each other is assumed to be measuring the same thing

45
Q

T-Test

A

Used to compare the means of two groups

46
Q

Chi - Square Test

A

Test the equality of two frequencies or proportions

47
Q

Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs)

A

For 2+ groups - used to compare the means of the groups

48
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures

High Reliability = Measures are dependable, reproducible and consistent

49
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test actually measure what it is puports to measure

50
Q

Ratio Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Equation

A

Mental Age
__________________ x 100
Chronological Age

51
Q

Personality Inventory

A

Self-rating device usually consisting of somewhere between 100-500 statements; subject determines if the given statements apply to them

**Scoring is Objective

Ex: Personality Tests

52
Q

Projective Tests

A

Stimuli are relatively ambiguous; Test taker is not limited to number of responses. After given the stimuli the subject interprets what they see

**Scoring is Subjective

Ex: Rorschach Inkblot Test

Psych for the MCAT :) (8 decks)

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