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Psych for the MCAT :) > Research Design, Statistics, Tests & Measurements > Flashcards

Research Design, Statistics, Tests & Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Age

A

Age at which a person functions intellectually, regardless of their actual chronological age

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables

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3
Q

Variables

A

Characteristic or property that varies in amount of kind and can be measured

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4
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Define the variables in the experiment so that the variables are measured

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5
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable whose effect is being studied and is manipulated by the experimenter

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable is expected to change due to variations or differences in the independent variable

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7
Q

Correlational Study

A

Researcher does not manipulate the independent variable

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8
Q

True Experiment

A

Researcher uses random assignment for groups and manipulates the independent variable

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9
Q

Quasi - Experiment

A

Researcher manipulates the independent variable but does not use randomly assigned groups

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10
Q

Naturalistic Observation (Field Study)

A

Researcher does not intervene; measure behavior as it naturally occurs

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11
Q

Sample

A

Subset of a population

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12
Q

Random Selection

A

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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13
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Assuring that each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

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14
Q

Between - Subjects Design

A

Each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable

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15
Q

Matched - Subjects Design

A

Experiment could match subjects on the basis of the variable that he wants to control

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16
Q

Population

A

The group the research wishes to generate her results to.

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17
Q

Representative Sample

A

Sample is a miniature version of the population

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18
Q

Within - Subjects Design (Repeated - Measures)

A

Pair each subject with themselves by using the same subjects in both groups
(2+ experiments with the same subjects involved and exposed to 2 + conditions)

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19
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Unintended Independent Variables

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20
Q

Control Group Design

A

Treating both groups equally except for the independent variable

Control group (no treatment) vs Experimental group (gets treatment)

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21
Q

Nonequivalent Group Design

A

Control group (no treatment) is not necessarily similar to the experimental group (gets treatment)) since the researcher does not use random assignment

22
Q

Double Blind Study

A

Neither researcher who interacts with the subjects nor the subjects themselves know which groups received the independent variable or which level of the independent variable

23
Q

Single Blind Study

A

Subjects do not know whether they are in the treatment or control group but the research does know

24
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them

25
Hawthorne Effect
Tendency of people to behave differently if they know that they are being observed
26
Experimenter Bias
Experimenter's expectations or attitudes that can affect results
27
Placebo Effect
A type of demand characteristic where a placebo has a beneficial effect on the subjects
28
Descriptive Statistics
Concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying and summarizing a collection of actual observations
29
Inferential Statistics
Researchers generalize (from sample to population) beyond actual observation; Using a relatively small batch of actual observations to make conclusions about the entire population of interest
30
Measures of Central Tendency
- Mean - Mode - Median Provide estimates of the average score
31
Mode
Value of the most frequent observation in a set of scores
32
Bimodal
Two values that are tied for being the most frequently occurring observation
33
Median
Middle value when observations are ordered from least to most or from most to least; this divides distribution in half (**NOT the halfway point**) If there is an even # of data points - add the two middle most numbers and divide by 2
34
Mean
Numerical halfway point between the highest and lowest score; the arithmetic average Sum of Observations ______________________ Number of Observations
35
Variability
Difference in scores - if scores are all the same = 0 variability - if scores are all different = high variability
36
Range
The smallest number in the distribution subtracted from the largest number
37
Standard Deviation
Measure of the typical distance of scores from the mean
38
Variance
The square of the standard deviation; A description of how much each score varies from the mean
39
Percentile
Percentage of scores that fall at or below the particular score
40
Z-Score
Indicates the number of standard deviations your score is away from the mean
41
Correlation Coefficients
Descriptive statistics that measure to what extent, if any, two variables are related
42
Positive Correlation
Change in the value of one of the variables tends to be associated with a change in the same direction of the value of the other variable
43
Negative Correlation
Change in the value of one of the variables tends to be associated with a change in the opposite direction of the other variable
44
Factor
Cluster of variables highly correlated with each other is assumed to be measuring the same thing
45
T-Test
Used to compare the means of two groups
46
Chi - Square Test
Test the equality of two frequencies or proportions
47
Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs)
For 2+ groups - used to compare the means of the groups
48
Reliability
Consistency with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures High Reliability = Measures are dependable, reproducible and consistent
49
Validity
Extent to which a test actually measure what it is puports to measure
50
Ratio Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Equation
Mental Age __________________ x 100 Chronological Age
51
Personality Inventory
Self-rating device usually consisting of somewhere between 100-500 statements; subject determines if the given statements apply to them **Scoring is Objective Ex: Personality Tests
52
Projective Tests
Stimuli are relatively ambiguous; Test taker is not limited to number of responses. After given the stimuli the subject interprets what they see **Scoring is Subjective Ex: Rorschach Inkblot Test

Psych for the MCAT :) (8 decks)

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