Research Design: Quantitative Flashcards
Arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure
Research design
Enumerate the types of research design
Quantitative
Qualitative
Collection method used to inquire into a problem, issue, question or theory of interest to a researcher, measured in a systematic way and data is analyzed with statistics
Quantitative Research
In Quantitative Research, a question or theory, composed of variables, is measured in
systematic way
In Quantitative Research, data are analyzed with
statistical procedures
Only type of research design that directly attempts to influence a particular variable
Experimental research design
best type for testing hypothesis about cause and effect relationship
Experimental research design
In Experimental research design, independent variable is referred to as the
experimental or treatment variable
In Experimental research design, dependent variable is also known as the
criterion or outcome variable
Characteristics of Experimental Research Design
Comparison of groups
Manipulation of independent variable
Randomization
Usually involves an experimental or treatment group and a control or comparison group
Comparison of groups
the researcher deliberately and directly determines what forms the independent variable will take and which group will get which form and how will they get it
Manipulation of independent variable
Manipulation of independent variable may be established by:
One form of variable versus another
Presence versus absence of a particular form
Varying degrees of the same form
Means that every individual who is participating in an experiment has equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental or control conditions being compared
Random Assignment
Means that every member of the population has equal chance of being a member of the sample
Random Selection
Minimizing or Eliminating Threats due to Subject Characteristics
Randomization Holding certain variable constant Building the variable into the design Matching Using subjects as their own control Using analysis of covariance
Pair of subjects can be matched on certain variable of interest
Matching
Main independent variable that is being manipulated in an experiment
Treatment/intervention
Group of study participants who have been exposed to a specific treatment of intervention?
Treatment or experimental group
A group of study participants who have not been exposed to a particular treatment
Control group
Typically used in experimental designs with random assignment
Control group
A group of study participants who have similar attributes and characteristics as a treatment or experimental group.
Comparison group
Typically used in quasi experimental designs
Comparison group
A test administered prior to a specific treatment or intervention, provides baseline measures
Pretest
A test administered after a specific treatment, to determine how participants have responded to intervention
Post test
This provides a baseline measure that can be compared to subsequent tests taken after an intervention or treatment
Pretest
Can help determine how study participants have responded to a treatment or intervention
Posttest
Weak Experimental Designs
One-Shot Case Study
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Static-Group Comparison Design
Static-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
A single group is exposed to treatment and a dependent variable is measured in order to assess the effect of the treatment
One shot case study
In weak studies what symbol represents the exposure group and observation of dependent variable?
X - exposure O - Observation of the dependent variable
A single group is measured or obsereved before and after treatment
One-group Pretest-posttest design
Two already existing or intact groups are used?
Static-group comparison design
Sometimes referred to as static groups or non equivalent control group design
Static-group comparison design
Alternative name for static-group comparison design?
Static groups
Non-equivalent control group design
indicates that the two groups being compared are already formed
Dashed line (—–)
Pretest is given to both groups and a “gain or change” is determined by getting the sum of scores
Static-group pretest-posttest design
Essential ingredient of a true experimental design
Randomly assigned to treatment groups
Involves two groups, both of which are formed by random assignment
Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
Best design in experimental study provided there are atleast 40 subj in each group
Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
One group receives the experimental treatment while other does not; both groups are prettested
Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
Differs from previous designs solely in the use of pretest.
Randomized pretest-postest control group design
According to Frankael and Wallen, this design is particularly desirable if the number in each group is small (
Randomized pretest-postest control group design
Design is an attempt to eliminate the possible effects of a pretest?
Randomized solomon four-group design
Provides best control to threats to internal validity
Randomized Solomon Frour group design
Establishing equvalence of groups through matching pairs based on certain variables
Random assignment with matching
Does not include the use of random assignment
Quasi-experimental
In this design, even though matched subjects are already in intact groups
Matching-Only Design
Frankael and Wallen mentioned that correlation bet matching variables and dependent variable should be
fairly substantial
Another technique for equating experimental and comparison groups, both of which is exposed to all treatments but in different orders
Three-treatment counterbalanced design
Involves repeated measurements over a period of time both before and after treatment
Time series design
It is an elaboration of one-group pretest-posttest design
Time series design
Modification of either post-test only or pretest only control groups
Factorial design
Permits additional independent variables
Factorial design
Examines relationships between two or more non manipulated variables
Correlational research
Aims at investigation the existence and the degree of relationship between two or more variable
Correlational research
With correlational research designs, casuality cannot be inferred. Casuality is
Cause-and-Effect
Two Methods of Correlational Design
Relationship Studies
Prediction Studies
Scores obtained from two variables are correlated to determine the relationship
Relationship studies
Use scores of one variable to predict the outcome of the other variable
Prediction studies
Types of Correlation
Positive or Direct Relationship Negative or Inverse Relationship Strong Weak No Correlation Perfect Correlation
One aims to determine the cause of or reason for groups of individuals being different in behaviour or status
Causal-comparative research design
This research design attempts to identify the major factor that causes the groups to behave differently as compared to other groups of individuals
Causal-comparative research design
Non experimental form, descriptive research method.
Survey
Useful when researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed?
Survey
Two basic types of Survey
Cross sectional
Longitudinal
Used to gather information on a population at a signle point in time
Cross-sectional survey
Used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions?
Cross-sectional survey
Used to study distribution and determinants of disease
Epidemiology
Epidemiological studies can be classified as either
“descriptive” or
“analytic”
Disease are characterized according to where, when and to whom they occur
Descriptive
Involving testing hypotheses about exposure-disease relationships
Analytic
Gather data over a period of time
Longitudinal surveys
Enumerate three types of longitudinal surveys
Trend studies
Cohort studies
Panel studies
Focus on a particular population and scrutinized repeatedly?
Trend studies
While samples are of the same population, they are typically not composed of the same people
Trend Studies
Focus on a particular population sampled and studied more than once
Cohort Studies
Allow researchers to find out why changes in population occurred?
Panel studies
Attrition
Occurs when people drop out of the study
