Internal Validity

Question 1

Observed relationship between two or more variables should remain unambiguous as to what it means rather than being due to “something else”

Answer 1

Internal Validity

Question 2

observed differences on the dependent variable are directly related to the independent variables and not due to some other unintended variable

Answer 2

Internal Validity

Question 3

Selection of people for a study may result in the individual differing from one another in unintended ways

Answer 3

Subject Characteristics

Question 4

Subject Characteristics is sometimes referred as

Answer 4

Selection bias/Subject characteristics threat

Question 5

Loss of subject is also known as

Answer 5

mortality threat

Question 6

When subjects or individuals drop out for one reason or another

Answer 6

Loss of Subject

Question 7

true in most intervention studies since they they take place and time

Answer 7

Loss of Subject

Question 8

A problem in questionnaire studies

Answer 8

Failure to complete instruments

Question 9

Loss of subjects not only limits generalizability but also

Answer 9

introduce bias

Question 10

A common misconception in loss of subject

Answer 10

that threat can be eliminated simply by replacing the subject

Question 11

Attempt to eliminate the problem of mortality

Answer 11

provide evidence that the subjects lost were similar to those remaining on pertinent characteristics

Question 12

Particular location in which data is collected or in which intervention is carried out

Answer 12

Location

Question 13

the best method of control for location threat is

Answer 13

hold location constant (keep it same for all participants)

Question 14

the way instruments are used may also constitute a threat to internal validity

Answer 14

Instrumentation

Question 15

Alternative name for instrumentation threat

Answer 15

Instrumentation decay

Question 16

Often the case when the instrument permits different interpretation results resulting in fatigue of the scorere

Answer 16

Instrumentation

Question 17

Principal way to control instrumentation decay

Answer 17

schedule data collection and/or scoring

Question 18

Demographic (age, gender, etc.) of the individual who collects the data in the study and how it may affects the nature of the data collected

Answer 18

Data collector characteristics

Question 19

primary ways to control data collector characteristics

Answer 19

using the same data collector(s) throughout, analyzing data separately for each collector

Question 20

data collector or scorer may unconscious distortion of data in ways to make certain outcomes more likely

Answer 20

Data collector bias

Question 21

two principal techniques for handling data collector bias

Answer 21

Standardize procedures (require some sort of training)
Collector lacks information

Question 22

means the use of any form of instrumentation, not just “test”

Answer 22

Testing

Question 23

Common practise before and after interventions

Answer 23

Testing

Question 24

One of more unanticipated or unplanned evers may occur which can affect responses of subjects

Answer 24

History

Question 25

Change during an intervention due to factors associated rather with the passing of time rather than the intervention itself

Answer 25

Maturation

Question 26

a serious threat only in studies using pre-post data for the intervention group, or in studies that span a number of years

Answer 26

Maturation

Question 27

best way to control for Maturation

Answer 27

include a well-selected comparison group

Question 28

How subjects view a study and participate in it

Answer 28

attitude of subjects

Question 29

Hawthorne effect was first observed in

Answer 29

Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company

Question 30

Special attention and recognition improved performance because they felt someone cared for them. This positive effect, resulting from increased attention and recognition of subjects

Answer 30

Hawthorne Effect

Question 31

One remedy for Hawthorne Effect is to provide

Answer 31

the control or comparison group with a special or novel treatment

Question 32

Threat may be present whenever change is studied in a group that is extremely low or high in its pre intervention performance

Answer 32

Regression

Question 33

can describes the fact that a group because of unusually low or high performance will, on the average score closer to the mean on subsequent testing, regardless of what transpires in the meantime

Answer 33

Regression

Question 34

Treatment or method in any experimental study must be administered by a selected individual

Answer 34

Implementation

Question 35

Implementation can occur when

Answer 35

1. different individuals are assigned to implement diff. methods
2. individuals have a personal bias in favor of one method over the other

Question 36

How to reduce threats to internal validity?

Answer 36

1. Careful planning

2. Planning requires collecting additional information