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Psychology > Research definitions > Flashcards

Research definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step in designing an experiment?

A

develop a testable research question or problem.

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables

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3
Q

Raw data`

A

the actual data collected from the staudy

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4
Q

Analysis of data

A 
Involves:
 * organizing
* summarizing
*  representing
the raw data in a coherent
( understandable) and logical manner.
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5
Q

Interpret the data

A

involves forming conclusions about what the data shows.

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6
Q

Conclusion

A

is a decision or judgement about the meaningfulness of results in a study.
Addresses the Hypothesis, says if the results are statistically significant

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7
Q

experiment

A

is a study that investigates a cause and effect relationship between two or more variables

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8
Q

Variable

A

is any condition that can change

e.g. temperature, IQ

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

“Miss Independent likes to change!”
Scientist controls.

It is a condition that an scientist systematically ( in an orderly way) varies or changes in order to gauge its effects on another variable.
e.g. a scientist studies if temperature effects the rate that seeds germinate.
Temperature is the IV.

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What you measure in the experiment.

What is affected in the experiment.

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11
Q

Operational Definition

A

Explains what each variable is and how it is measured.

E.g. Operational definition of “work” is amount of study of text book in hours.

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12
Q

Experimental Group

A

the group exposed to the experimental condition. The IV is applied to them
e.g. they are given an experimental drug

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13
Q

Control Group

A

the group not exposed to the IV.

e.g. they are not given an experimental drug.

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14
Q

Population

A

the entire group of people belonging to a particular category.

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15
Q

Sample

A

a group of participants selected from and representative of a population .

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16
Q

Random Allocation

A

a technique that ensures every member of the sample has an EQUAL OPPORTUNITY of being assigned to either the control or experimental group

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17
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

any other variable that affects the results of the experiment.
e.g. mood, personality, motivation, memory etc.

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18
Q

Artificiality

A

the unnatural environment in which the experiment takes place effects the results.

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19
Q

Demand characteristics

A

the participants knowledge about the experiment affects their behavior.
This affects the experiments results.

20
Q

Standardised procedures

A

are used to keep consistent each test and its procedure, making sure all the conditions are the same each time.

21
Q

Order Effects

A

Occurs when the performance is influenced by the order in which the tasks are done
Mainly in repeated measures design.
(test and retest.)

22
Q

Carry-over effects

A

the influence that a particular task has on performance in a later task.

23
Q

Boredom effects

A

the repetition of the same task, or lack of concentration due to the simple nature of the task, its length etc.

24
Q

Experimenter effects

A

occurs when there is a change in the participants’ response due to the researcher’s expectations, biases or actions rather than the IV.

25
Q

Placebo

A

fake drug or treatment, used in the control group.

They are unaware if they are receiving the drug or not.

26
Q

Placebo effect

A

refers to the improvement in health or wellbeing due to a person’s belief that the treatment given to them will be effective.

27
Q

Independent Group Design

A

involves randomly allocating the members of the sample to either the experimental or control group.

28
Q

Independent Group Design

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = is quick and easy

Disadv = may not be fully representative of the population.

29
Q

Matched Participants Design

A

involves pairing each participant based on a certain characteristic they share.

30
Q

Matched Participants Design

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = minimized extraneous variables

Disadv = time consuming, one may drop out etc.

31
Q

Repeated Measures Design

A

only using one group of participants and exposing that group to both the control and experimental conditions.

32
Q

Repeated Measures Design

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = eliminates the impact of participant differences , requires rel small number of people.

Disadv = order effects, boredom effects , practice effects, carry-over effects.

33
Q

Subjective data

A

data collected through observations of behavior or information based on self-report

34
Q

Objective data

A

data collected and measured under controlled conditions and are easily compared and measured with other data
(e.g. numbers)

35
Q

Convenience sampling

A

selecting people based on the researchers accessibility to them.

36
Q

Convenience sampling

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = convenient, quick

Disadv = biased, unable to generalize to people

37
Q

Random Sampling

A

carefully planned and systematic method of selecting people for a study.

38
Q

Random Sampling

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = very quick and inexpensive, not biased.

Disadv = may not represent population

39
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

breaking down the population into distinct subgroups.

Then select sample from each group.

40
Q

Stratified Sampling

Adv and Disadv

A

Adv = representative of population.

Disadv = time consuming

41
Q

Data Collection methods

A

case studies
observational studies
self report
brain imaging and recording technologies

42
Q

case studies

A

in depth or detailed study on one person or small group
Most often longitudinal.
Adv = gain very specific info
Dis = time consuming, can’t generalize.

43
Q

Observational Studies

A

a scientist observing another person or group of people in a natural environment, recording what they see.

Adv = eliminated artificiality

Dis = rely on scientist’s interpretation of events.

44
Q

Self- report

A

Person asked to comment on own thoughts and feelings by answering questions on a particular topic

Adv = gain insight as to reasons behind behavior.

Dis = difficult to compare data due to subjective nature of data.

45
Q

Brain Imaging

A

technology that involves gaining structural or functional images of an active brain

CT scans, MRI,

Psychology (9 decks)

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