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Culture and Values Flashcards

1
Q

An attitude is

A

A long-lasting positive or negative evaulation about a person (ourselves or others ), object, event or issue

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2
Q

Attitudes have:

A
  1. Direction (positive, negative or neutral)

2. Intensity (strong or little interest)

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3
Q

The three components of attitude are:

A

ABC
cognition (thoughts and beliefs)
affect ( feelings and emotions)
behavior ( what we do, our actions

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4
Q

Are we born with our attitudes?

A

No, we learn them

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5
Q

How do we learn our attitudes

A
  1. Directly (something that has happened to us)
  2. Indirectly ( interactions with parents/friends
  3. Culture ( media, society)
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6
Q

Why are we often unaware of our society’s values?

A

We are brought up with them. We may never question them unless we leave and see another culture.

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7
Q

What are some things that are affected by our culture’s attitudes?

A

What we think, value and do

e.g. how we eat, dress, leisure time

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8
Q

Cognition

A

thoughts or beliefs

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9
Q

Affect

A

emotions and feelings

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10
Q

What is the “direction” of an attitude?

A

Positive to neutral to Negative

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11
Q

Intensity

A

How strong your attitude is

Strong to mild

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12
Q

Attitude Formation

A

How our long-lasting evaluations are formed

Usually by social activity.

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13
Q

Social Learning

A

Social experiences, interactions with other people.

  • Watching others’ behavior
  • reinforcement of positive or negative behaviors by others.
  • modelling or copying others behavior
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14
Q

Why do psychologists need to study behavior?

A

Attitudes cannot be seen.

Behavior lets them infer the attitude of the person

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15
Q

How can scientists study attitudes?

A

Paper and pencil tests
Interviews
Focus Group
Behavior Observation

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16
Q

Can attitudes change?

A

yes

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17
Q

Social Comparison

A

you adopt the dominant attitudes of a group.

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18
Q

Do you need to interact with a group to adopt their values?

A

no

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19
Q

Persuasion

A

aggressive techniques used by advertising/ media to change our opinions.

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20
Q

Why are we often unaware of our own culture’s values?

A

We grow up with them and are used to them, so we don’t think about them.

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21
Q

Why do scientists need to use indirect methods to study attitudes

A

Because attitudes cannot be seen.

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22
Q

What are the two main ways of learning about attitudes?

A
  1. Observing behavior

2. Asking questions about a person’s thoughts and feelings.

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23
Q

What is the most common method of studying attitudes? Give 3 examples

A

qualitative

observation
self report
focus group

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24
Q

Give 2 quantitative methods sometimes used.

A 
quantitative self report
rating scales  (Likert)
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25
Why are quantitative methods not preferred? | What can be done to improve them?
They rely on the questions made up by the researcher. They can be based on questions
26
When is observing behavior useful?
When people might lie about their true thougts/feelings
27
What is the most common method of observing behavior?
Direct, structured observation Scientist watches from a distance
28
What is a method of observing behavior that is not used as much
Participant observation
29
What famous experiment was done by Stanley Milgram in 1965?
The lost letter experiment.
30
What were the 4 addresses used by Milgram and what were the results?
1. Nazi party 25% 2. Communist party 25% 3. Mr Walter Carnap 71 % 4. Medical Research Associates 72%
31
Who designed and carried out the lost letter experiment?
Stanley Milgram 1965
32
What are two limitations of the lost letter experiment?
1. Belief assumed may be wrong | 2. Intensity cannot be measured.
33
Self report
Spoken or written answers provided in response to questions asked by a researcher.
34
when is self report used?
When there is no observable behavior that can be linked to the attitude. e.g. attitude to nuclear power.
35
What kind of information do you get from open-ended interviews? What are the disadvantages?
Qualitative A lot of information has to be organized.
36
What is a focus group?
A kind of group interview. 6-8 people and a moderator They share ideas and attitudes These are analysed later
37
What is a fixed result interview?
Interview with limited responsed allowed.. | Gives quantitative information.
38
Rating scales
Provide a series of questions with fixed answers that indicate the strength of attitude.
39
Likert scale
Measures positive and negative attitudes to an issue. Indicates the strength of opinion. Half Q's are positive and half negative.
40
What type of info is produced in a Likert scale?
quantitative
41
Prejudice
"pre-judgement" | Is is an unjustifiable ( usually negative) attitude toward a group.
42
What are the most common forms of prejudice?
Visual differences | e.g. race, age or sex
43
What are the 3 components of prejudice?
Stereotypes Negative Feelings Acting in a discriminatory way ( behavior)
44
Stereotypes
oversimplified beliefs. | Characteristics of a group apply to all members.
45
Negative feelings
feelings of dislike or hostility
46
Discrimination
When attitude of prejudice is put into actions ( behavior).
47
Racism
A form of prejudice based on assumed racial differences. | A group assumes their values , social norms and behavior are superior to another group.
48
Describe some stereotypes of Aboriginals
lazy, drunk, dirty.
49
Describe some feeling toward Aboriginals.
dislike or fear.
50
Describe some discrimination toward Aboriginals.
Not allowed to vote | Excluded from clubs and bars.
51
Another group that experiences prejudice in Australia is .....
Asians. | Mainly verbal abuse.
52
Mapping Social Cohesion survey found ___ % of Australians were discriminated against. It was based on...
19% Based of skin colour religion ethnic origin
53
Is the rate of discrimination increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
54
Why is racism increasing?
Economic uncertainty - lack of money. Asylum seekers arriving Political attitudes.
55
What law addresses racism in Australia?
Racial Discrimination Act
56
Why do some people object to section 18C in the discrimination law?
Freedom of speech is affected. | "You should have a right to be a bigot".
57
Waleed Aly said the law was "white" because...
It is based on the opinion of the white majority of what is racist.
58
What group is the most discriminated against in Australia?
Middle Eastern backgrounds.
59
Overt racism
blatant, obvious and meant to cause harm
60
Covert racism
hidden , subtle, difficult to prove harmful treatment of a racial group.
61
Intentional racism
conscious act, usually motivated by prejudice. | Intent is to harm
62
Unintentional racism
unconscious act, not motivated by prejudice or intent to harm. Still damaging.
63
Individual racism
belief that one's own race is superior to another
64
Institutional racism
practices , customs, rules and standards or organizations/ companies.
65
What are some causes of Prejudice?
Just world phenomenon Social Categorisation Inter-group competition Social Influence
66
Just world phenomenon
Belief that people get what they deserve. If you are successful it is due to your hard work. If others are poor it is because they are lazy.
67
Social Categorisation
Putting people into groups
68
Experiment by Jane Elliot on social categorisation 1968
Brown eyes vs blue eyes.
69
Inter-group competition
When hard times limit resources you blame other groups for the problems. e.g. "stealing our jobs."
70
1961 M. Sherif performed an experiment on inter-group relations
Rattlers vs the Eagles. | Each group developed negative feelings toward the other.
71
Equal opportunity
Gives everyone the same opportunities
72
Affirmative action
Actively support those who are constantly deprived of fair or equal treatment
73
Social influence on prejudice
Learning attitudes from others - family and friends. | * based on what the child thinks the parents' attitudes are - not necessarily their true attitudes.
74
What are the two main ways of reducing prejudice?
Inter-group contact | Cognitive interventions
75
When is Inter-group contact effective?
1. Long period of time 2. Working to common goal ( in larger group). Rely on each other 3. Groups of equal status.
76
What did Aronson develop in 1978?
Jigsaw classrooms where all children contribute.
77
Re-categorisation
See yourself as member of larger group. | e.g. see yourself as Australian, not member of ethnic/racial group.
78
Individuation
See people as individuals not members of a group.
79
What are the two types of cognitive interventions?
Re-catagorisation | Individuation
80
Culture
Attitudes and beliefs, behaviors and traditions shared by a group of people.
81
Are race and culture the same?
No. Race = biological features. Culture = attitudes and customs.

Psychology (9 decks)

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