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Culture and Values Flashcards

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1
Q

An attitude is

A

A long-lasting positive or negative evaulation about a person (ourselves or others ), object, event or issue

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2
Q

Attitudes have:

A
  1. Direction (positive, negative or neutral)

2. Intensity (strong or little interest)

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3
Q

The three components of attitude are:

A

ABC
cognition (thoughts and beliefs)
affect ( feelings and emotions)
behavior ( what we do, our actions

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4
Q

Are we born with our attitudes?

A

No, we learn them

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5
Q

How do we learn our attitudes

A
  1. Directly (something that has happened to us)
  2. Indirectly ( interactions with parents/friends
  3. Culture ( media, society)
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6
Q

Why are we often unaware of our society’s values?

A

We are brought up with them. We may never question them unless we leave and see another culture.

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7
Q

What are some things that are affected by our culture’s attitudes?

A

What we think, value and do

e.g. how we eat, dress, leisure time

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8
Q

Cognition

A

thoughts or beliefs

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9
Q

Affect

A

emotions and feelings

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10
Q

What is the “direction” of an attitude?

A

Positive to neutral to Negative

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11
Q

Intensity

A

How strong your attitude is

Strong to mild

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12
Q

Attitude Formation

A

How our long-lasting evaluations are formed

Usually by social activity.

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13
Q

Social Learning

A

Social experiences, interactions with other people.

  • Watching others’ behavior
  • reinforcement of positive or negative behaviors by others.
  • modelling or copying others behavior
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14
Q

Why do psychologists need to study behavior?

A

Attitudes cannot be seen.

Behavior lets them infer the attitude of the person

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15
Q

How can scientists study attitudes?

A

Paper and pencil tests
Interviews
Focus Group
Behavior Observation

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16
Q

Can attitudes change?

A

yes

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17
Q

Social Comparison

A

you adopt the dominant attitudes of a group.

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18
Q

Do you need to interact with a group to adopt their values?

A

no

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19
Q

Persuasion

A

aggressive techniques used by advertising/ media to change our opinions.

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20
Q

Why are we often unaware of our own culture’s values?

A

We grow up with them and are used to them, so we don’t think about them.

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21
Q

Why do scientists need to use indirect methods to study attitudes

A

Because attitudes cannot be seen.

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22
Q

What are the two main ways of learning about attitudes?

A
  1. Observing behavior

2. Asking questions about a person’s thoughts and feelings.

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23
Q

What is the most common method of studying attitudes? Give 3 examples

A

qualitative

observation
self report
focus group

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24
Q

Give 2 quantitative methods sometimes used.

A 
quantitative self report
rating scales  (Likert)
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25
Q

Why are quantitative methods not preferred?

What can be done to improve them?

A

They rely on the questions made up by the researcher.

They can be based on questions

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26
Q

When is observing behavior useful?

A

When people might lie about their true thougts/feelings

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27
Q

What is the most common method of observing behavior?

A

Direct, structured observation

Scientist watches from a distance

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28
Q

What is a method of observing behavior that is not used as much

A

Participant observation

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29
Q

What famous experiment was done by Stanley Milgram in 1965?

A

The lost letter experiment.

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30
Q

What were the 4 addresses used by Milgram and what were the results?

A
  1. Nazi party 25%
  2. Communist party 25%
  3. Mr Walter Carnap 71 %
  4. Medical Research Associates 72%
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31
Q

Who designed and carried out the lost letter experiment?

A

Stanley Milgram 1965

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32
Q

What are two limitations of the lost letter experiment?

A
  1. Belief assumed may be wrong

2. Intensity cannot be measured.

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33
Q

Self report

A

Spoken or written answers provided in response to questions asked by a researcher.

34
Q

when is self report used?

A

When there is no observable behavior that can be linked to the attitude.
e.g. attitude to nuclear power.

35
Q

What kind of information do you get from open-ended interviews?
What are the disadvantages?

A

Qualitative

A lot of information has to be organized.

36
Q

What is a focus group?

A

A kind of group interview.
6-8 people and a moderator
They share ideas and attitudes
These are analysed later

37
Q

What is a fixed result interview?

A

Interview with limited responsed allowed..

Gives quantitative information.

38
Q

Rating scales

A

Provide a series of questions with fixed answers that indicate the strength of attitude.

39
Q

Likert scale

A

Measures positive and negative attitudes to an issue. Indicates the strength of opinion.
Half Q’s are positive and half negative.

40
Q

What type of info is produced in a Likert scale?

A

quantitative

41
Q

Prejudice

A

“pre-judgement”

Is is an unjustifiable ( usually negative) attitude toward a group.

42
Q

What are the most common forms of prejudice?

A

Visual differences

e.g. race, age or sex

43
Q

What are the 3 components of prejudice?

A

Stereotypes
Negative Feelings
Acting in a discriminatory way ( behavior)

44
Q

Stereotypes

A

oversimplified beliefs.

Characteristics of a group apply to all members.

45
Q

Negative feelings

A

feelings of dislike or hostility

46
Q

Discrimination

A

When attitude of prejudice is put into actions ( behavior).

47
Q

Racism

A

A form of prejudice based on assumed racial differences.

A group assumes their values , social norms and behavior are superior to another group.

48
Q

Describe some stereotypes of Aboriginals

A

lazy, drunk, dirty.

49
Q

Describe some feeling toward Aboriginals.

A

dislike or fear.

50
Q

Describe some discrimination toward Aboriginals.

A

Not allowed to vote

Excluded from clubs and bars.

51
Q

Another group that experiences prejudice in Australia is …..

A

Asians.

Mainly verbal abuse.

52
Q

Mapping Social Cohesion survey found ___ % of Australians were discriminated against.
It was based on…

A

19%
Based of skin colour
religion
ethnic origin

53
Q

Is the rate of discrimination increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing

54
Q

Why is racism increasing?

A

Economic uncertainty - lack of money.
Asylum seekers arriving
Political attitudes.

55
Q

What law addresses racism in Australia?

A

Racial Discrimination Act

56
Q

Why do some people object to section 18C in the discrimination law?

A

Freedom of speech is affected.

“You should have a right to be a bigot”.

57
Q

Waleed Aly said the law was “white” because…

A

It is based on the opinion of the white majority of what is racist.

58
Q

What group is the most discriminated against in Australia?

A

Middle Eastern backgrounds.

59
Q

Overt racism

A

blatant, obvious and meant to cause harm

60
Q

Covert racism

A

hidden , subtle, difficult to prove harmful treatment of a racial group.

61
Q

Intentional racism

A

conscious act, usually motivated by prejudice.

Intent is to harm

62
Q

Unintentional racism

A

unconscious act, not motivated by prejudice or intent to harm.
Still damaging.

63
Q

Individual racism

A

belief that one’s own race is superior to another

64
Q

Institutional racism

A

practices , customs, rules and standards or organizations/ companies.

65
Q

What are some causes of Prejudice?

A

Just world phenomenon
Social Categorisation
Inter-group competition
Social Influence

66
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

Belief that people get what they deserve.
If you are successful it is due to your hard work.
If others are poor it is because they are lazy.

67
Q

Social Categorisation

A

Putting people into groups

68
Q

Experiment by Jane Elliot on social categorisation 1968

A

Brown eyes vs blue eyes.

69
Q

Inter-group competition

A

When hard times limit resources you blame other groups for the problems.
e.g. “stealing our jobs.”

70
Q

1961 M. Sherif performed an experiment on inter-group relations

A

Rattlers vs the Eagles.

Each group developed negative feelings toward the other.

71
Q

Equal opportunity

A

Gives everyone the same opportunities

72
Q

Affirmative action

A

Actively support those who are constantly deprived of fair or equal treatment

73
Q

Social influence on prejudice

A

Learning attitudes from others - family and friends.

* based on what the child thinks the parents’ attitudes are - not necessarily their true attitudes.

74
Q

What are the two main ways of reducing prejudice?

A

Inter-group contact

Cognitive interventions

75
Q

When is Inter-group contact effective?

A
  1. Long period of time
  2. Working to common goal ( in larger group). Rely on each other
  3. Groups of equal status.
76
Q

What did Aronson develop in 1978?

A

Jigsaw classrooms where all children contribute.

77
Q

Re-categorisation

A

See yourself as member of larger group.

e.g. see yourself as Australian, not member of ethnic/racial group.

78
Q

Individuation

A

See people as individuals not members of a group.

79
Q

What are the two types of cognitive interventions?

A

Re-catagorisation

Individuation

80
Q

Culture

A

Attitudes and beliefs, behaviors and traditions shared by a group of people.

81
Q

Are race and culture the same?

A

No.
Race = biological features.
Culture = attitudes and customs.

Psychology (9 decks)

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