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Psychology > Chapter 6: Developmental psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

human development

A

the changes in people that begin at conception and continues on to old age.

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2
Q

most human development studies start at _______

A

birth

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3
Q

in utero means

A

before birth, while in the womb

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4
Q

a chemical that often affects a baby in the womb

A

alcohol

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5
Q

FASD

A

foetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

affects brain and growth of child

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6
Q

Scientific theory aims are

A

a. DESCRIBE what we know
b. EXPLAIN what we observe
c. provide testable PREDICTIONS (hypothesis)

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7
Q

Human development theories are concerned with changes to our _______ as we age
(3)

A

thinking/ thoughts
feelings
behavior

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8
Q

Human development involves relatively _______ changes

A

permanent, long term

e.g. learning to speak

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9
Q

is getting tired after a late night human develpment?

A

No

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10
Q

Are all the changes in human development positive?

A

No - e.g. some physical changes to strength involves it declining as we age

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11
Q

which of the following continues to increase as we grow and which improve and then decline

a. vocabulary
b. physical strength
c. memory
d. perception speed

A

continuously increases a.

increase and decline b. - d.

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12
Q

Human development involves P______ and N_______ changes as we get O_______.

A

positive negative older

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13
Q

normal or typical development

A

average development for a certain group.

what you would likely find

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14
Q

abnormal or atypical

A

NOT what you would expect to find in a certain group.

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15
Q

research on abnormal development helps to:

A

a. maximize normal development

b. recognize and treat people with abnormal development

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16
Q

speech pathologist

A

a worker who helps children learn language, especially pronouncing words.

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17
Q

4 areas of human psychology

A

a. physical
b. cognitive (mental)
c. social (behavior to/with others)
d. emotional (feelings)

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18
Q

physical development (5)

A

changes in size, proportion, appearance, motor skills,

and coordination

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19
Q

cognitive development (6)

A

changes in thinking, reasoning, memory, attention, imagination and language.

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20
Q

social development

A

changes in relationships and interactions with other people

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21
Q

emotional development

A

changes to the way we feel and how the feelings are expressed

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22
Q

Do the 4 areas of human development overlap?

A

yes.

e.g. language and humour effect social relationships (friendships).

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23
Q

an example of physical state interacting with psychological states

A

tired or stressed leads to losing your temper with friend

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24
Q

why do we separate physical and psychological states in psychology?

A

helps make the study of mental states easier.

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25
Q

two important areas of study of human development are

A

a. HOW they develop (describe)

b. WHY they develop that way (explain)

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26
Q

why do human development scientists focus mainly on childhood

A

greatest changes happen there

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27
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage INFANCY

A

0 - 2 years

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28
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage CHILDHOOD

A

2-10 years

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29
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage ADOLESCENCE

A

10-20 years

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30
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage

EARLY ADULTHOOD

A

20 - 40 years

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31
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

A

40 - 65 years

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32
Q

give the ages of the lifespan stage

OLDER ADULTHOOD

A

65 + years

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33
Q

Are the ages of lifespan stages the same for everyone

A

no

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34
Q

Do these stages depend on culture?

Give an example

A

yes.
e.g. adolescence may not occur inindigenous cultures.
the child moves to adulthood with a ritual.

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35
Q

cognitive development compares thinking and learning to __________

A

an adult

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36
Q

Who pointed out there are many approaches to children’s cognitive development

A

Siegler 1998

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37
Q

3 ideas of how a child develops cognitively are

A

a. simply get older
b. interact with others to learn
c. biological restrictions

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38
Q

Which type of cognitive theory regards the child as an incomplete adult?

A

biological

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39
Q

what disadvantage is there to biological cognitive theory?

A

may underestimate what the child can learn

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40
Q

all the theories describe the development of ________ and how children ________ under various conditions

A

knowledge learn

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41
Q

How to scientists test if children learn with age?

A

by testing children of different ages

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42
Q

what is Garton’s definition of Cognitive Development?

A

an individual, progressive acquisition of knowledge.

It is predictable and able to be described accurately.

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43
Q

Psychologists that study cognition try to look for ____ related changes in thinking

A

age

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44
Q

Psychologists that study cognition study the mind in __________ to what the child needs to learn.
i.e. they only study the mind, not what the child is learning.
p94

A

isolation

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45
Q

The famous scientist that studied cognitive development was

A

Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) Swiss.

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46
Q

How many stages of cognitive development did Jean Piaget describe?

A

4

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47
Q

What is the first stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

A

sensori-motor stage

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48
Q

What is the age range for the first stage of cognitive development, the sensori-motor stage?

A

0-2 years.

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49
Q

What is the second stage of cognitive development according to JP

A

pre-operational stage

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50
Q

What is the age range for the second stage of cognitive development, the pre-operational stage.

A

2-6 years

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51
Q

what is the third stage of cognitive development according to JP

A

concrete operational stage

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52
Q

what is the age range for the third stage of cognitive development, the concrete stage

A

7-11 years

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53
Q

what is the fourth stage of cognitive development according to JP

A

formal operational stage

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54
Q

formal operational stage

A

12+ years (if at all)

not everyone reaches this stage.

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55
Q

development (def)

A
  • a relatively permanent change, happens over time
  • qualitative (new thing)
  • related to age
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56
Q

are all changes development?

A

No

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57
Q

Explain why changes such as in the menstrual cycle are not development

A

changes not permanent.

changes not new

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58
Q

if a brain injury causes a change in brain function, is it considered development?

A

no. injuries are not typical

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59
Q

Do all people develop in the same way ?

A

No. people can do things at different ages and maybe different ways.

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60
Q

quantitative change

A

change in the amount of behavior - how often it happens.

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61
Q

qualitative change

A

a new behavior occurs.

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62
Q

Some scientists think development includes enhanced coping power.
Why is this not included in all definitions of development?

A

Some behaviors are good in some circumstances and bad in others.
e.g. losing visual memory.
Good if you then start to read. Bad if you don’t!

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63
Q

Who believed that children were like “little scientists”?

A

jean piaget

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64
Q

what does ‘a little scientist” refer to?

A

Jean Piaget says that children try to ACTIVELY make sense of the world.
(like a scientist does with experiments)

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65
Q

What is the opposite of actively trying to make sense of the world?

A

PASSIVELY soaking up knowledge.

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66
Q

schemas

A

mental constructions that help people organize and interpret information

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67
Q

How are schemas changed?

A

EXPERIENCES give new information that is used to modify, add to or completely change an existing schema.
Known as ASSIMILATION

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68
Q

Piaget wondered that if physical attributes are inherited, then perhaps ________ ones were too.

A

mental

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69
Q

Piaget was particularly interested in a child’s _______ development

A

moral

70
Q

When Piaget gave children IQ tests he was interested in their ________ answers.

A

wrong

71
Q

Piaget found that children’s minds were _________ differently than adults’ minds.

A

organized

72
Q

Piaget found that not only do children know less than adults, but that their knowledge is…

A

of a different kind.

i.e. their mind is organized differently

73
Q

Who were Piaget’s first subjects?

A

His own children

74
Q

What may vary in Piaget’s stages of Cog development?

A

the age cut-offs.

75
Q

What stays the same in Piaget’s stages of Cog development?

A

the order or sequence of the stages.

76
Q

Adaptation

A

change to improve/adjust to the world.

77
Q

How do children adapt?

A

They use experiences to gather new information.

78
Q

What knowledge do infants have ?

A

sensory perceptions and motor activities

79
Q

How can infants respond to stimuli?

A

simple motor movements.

80
Q

Which Piaget stage features an EGOCENTRIC view of the world?

A

Pre-operational

81
Q

Which Piaget stage does the child learn language?

A

Pre-operational

82
Q

Which stage do children start to use concrete logic?

A

Concrete operational

83
Q

What kind of logic can children of 10 years of age usually NOT do?

A

abstract or hypothetical logic.

84
Q

What complex skills can a FORMAL OPERATIONAL child do?

A

Can think in abstract concepts

Include, logic, deductive reasoning, systematic planning.

85
Q

Assimilation

A

a process by which people include new experiences and information in their current schemas.

86
Q

Accommodation

A

changing our schemas to include new experiences and information that cannot fit into existing schemas.

87
Q

Physical development is well documented.

Most children learn to ______ before they walk

A

crawl, sit

88
Q

Physical development has the same S________ of moves learned but different A______ when it happens

A

sequence age

89
Q

Physical development involves learning new S______

A

skills

90
Q

Physical development also involves P_______ skills as well as learning new ones

A

perfecting

91
Q

Some children learn particular, special skills such as S______

A

sport

92
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Large movements e.g. crawling and sitting.

93
Q

Gross Motor Skills involve large muscles in…

A

arms, legs, torso, feet.

94
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Small, fine movements e.g. picking up small objects

95
Q

Fine Motor Skills involve small muscles in …

A

fingers, toes, wrists.

96
Q

Puberty

A

the time of sexual maturation.

Change in sexual characteristics and general size.

97
Q

Girls generally achieve puberty by _____ years

A

15

98
Q

Boys generally achieve puberty by ____ years

A

17

99
Q

Children now generally enter puberty earlier/later than past years.

A

earlier.

May be due to nutritional changes or family structure with non-biological male present for girls etc.

100
Q

Secular growth trends

A

generational changes in things like time puberty starts.

101
Q

Menopause

A

Time in women where menstruation stops and ability to have children ceases.

102
Q

Menopause usually occurs between ____ and ____ years

A

40’s to 50’s

103
Q

In menopause, the hormone _______ decreases

A

oestrogen / estrogen (spelling varies)

104
Q

Menopause causes changes such as increased risk in

3

A

osteoporosis ( brittle bones), cardiovascular ( heart disease), dry skin

105
Q

Men do not go through menopause, but some changes are (2)

A

sperm production lessens

prostate enlarges and stiffens and makes urination difficult.

106
Q

Social Development

A

changes in SELF knowledge and understanding of OTHER people, skills in making and maintaining friendships and reasoning about behavior.

107
Q

Is social interaction important?

A

YES. It is FUNDAMENTAL to human development and behavior.

e.g. humans have whites to eyes to show more clearly where we are looking

108
Q

As children grow older they try to I________ other people’s behavior, feelings and thoughts.

A

interpret

109
Q

Other people’s B_______, F________ and

T________ affect our own.

A

behavior, feelings and thoughts.

e.g. your friend is sad and you feel sad too.

110
Q

People constantly make J________ about other people.

A

judgements

111
Q

How do we find out about people? (personality or goals or thoughts) (4)

A

we watch their behavior, actions, talk and communication styles

112
Q

Can we tell what a person is thinking by their actions?

Give an example

A

Yes. If a person is smiling we can assume they are happy or pleased.

113
Q

How do other people help us modify our behavior?

Give an example

A

their reactions tell us if our behavior/language is acceptable or not.
E.g. you tell a joke and no one laughs/ everyone laughs.

114
Q

We make judgements on others based on how they P_______ themselves

A

present.

e.g. goth vs business man

115
Q

Name a situation where your presentation is important

A

job interview, meeting new people at a party.

116
Q

What do you consider when you present yourself at a job interview?

A

clothes, shoes, hair and make-up accessories, language and voice.

117
Q

You see your neighbour leave the house in a suit. What does this tell you about your neighbour?

A

He is a professional or is going to a formal event etc.

118
Q

Your see your friend at a distance. She is waving her hands in the air.
What does this tell you about your friend?

A

She is excited or angry.

119
Q

Why do people wear black to a funeral?

Why would thongs not be appropriate?

A

to show respect for dead person ( deceased) and their family.
Thongs are too casual and show you do not care about the person and their family’s feelings.

120
Q

Social Interaction is A_______ or E________ others based on their behavior and talk.

A

assessing evaluating

121
Q

You can evaluate others based on their language.

What do you think of a person who swears a lot?

A

You may think they are rough, not educated, not smart, etc

122
Q

You meet a man called Tim who uses many big words when he talks. What does this tell you about Tim?

A

He is well educated. He may be showing off or trying to impress others.

123
Q

When we judge people, we GAIN, C______ or refine our opinions over time.

A

change

124
Q

When you met your best friend you didn’t know much about them. Now you know them much better.
How did your opinion of them change over time?

A

Answers may vary.

e.g. I thought she was very quiet, but i know now that she can be talkative once she knows you.

125
Q

We can predict behavior based on

  1. P_____ E________
  2. C_________ situation
A

Past experience

Current

126
Q

Your friend loses her purse. You think she will be very upset. Your prediction is based on two things:

A
  1. How she has reacted in the past

2. The current situation - her purse has important cards and money

127
Q

Social cognition depends on how well you can W______, R_______ (past) and I_________ (present)
social situations.
We then use the information to A______ ourselves and others

A

Watch, remember interpret.

Assess

128
Q

In social situations we need to N_______ and R______ what has happened /is happening

A

notice/note remember/recall

129
Q

As we develop and our social experience grows, these processes of social cognition will become more A_________.

A

automatic

130
Q

Social interactions allow us to use other people’s P______ and E_________.

A

Perspectives and Experiences.

They give us valuable feedback

131
Q

Two scientists that studied social cognition are

A
  1. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980)

2. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

132
Q

What position does Jean Piaget hold about how children learn?

A

generally they learn about the world ALONE

133
Q

Piaget said that social interaction was/was not important to how children develop.

A

was not

134
Q

Piaget said that children could/could not see other people’s point of view

A

could. (Moral problems)

135
Q

Piaget used M_____ C_________ to study children’s social development

A

moral conflicts

136
Q

Vygotsky said that children learn from

A

others with more knowledge.

137
Q

Vygotsky’s theory is about how children …

A

take knowledge from others and make it into something they can use.

138
Q

Vygotsky’s theory is about C____________ between children and older people like (3).

A

collaboration

adults - parents and teachers and older children

139
Q

Two important concepts in Vygotsky’s theory are…

A

instruction and learning

140
Q

What does Vygotsky assume about how children learn?

A
  1. Cognitive development occurs with other forms of development.
  2. Learning occurs in a social and cultural setting.
    (Think of learning in Australia today vs Aust aborigines 1000 years ago.)
141
Q

Vygotsky says that the r_________ for finding a solution transfers from the _______ to the child.

A

responsibility adult

142
Q

Both Piaget and Vygotsky say L_________ is important

A

language ( i.e. people need to talk/communicate to learn)

143
Q

To solve a problem, both teacher and learner need to think about the problem in the same way. That is they have a C________ P________ of the problem

A

common perception

144
Q

Why is it important for the teacher and learner to have a common perception of the problem?

A

they can work together to solve the problem.

145
Q

If the teacher and learner disagree about the problem, what stages can they use to resolve their differences?

A
  1. argue or disagree
  2. negotiate and discuss
  3. Come to a common conclusion
146
Q

social regulation

A

occurs when one person tries to change to emotional responses of another person.

147
Q

Your teacher frowns at the girls talking in the back row. This is an example of …

A

social regulation

148
Q

social regulation such as D______ who does what

R ______

A

discussion about Roles

149
Q

If the teacher and learner can agree on what roles they will take it makes…… easier.

A

problem solving

150
Q

Most scientists think that cognitive and social development are/are not related.

A

are

151
Q

emotions (def)

A

very strong feelings

152
Q

emotional development is simple/complex process

A

complex

153
Q

A strong form of non-verbal communication are F______ E________.

A

facial expressions

154
Q

Some simple emotions that babies have are

A

joy, anger, sadness, fear.

155
Q

As children grow, they develop more complex emotions such as …

A

shyness surprise, elation, embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride and empathy.

156
Q

Primary school children can easily identify emotions.

TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE children this age are still learning to identify their emotions.

157
Q

Primary school children are still learning to

I________,U_________ and M__________ their emotions

A

identify, understand, manage.

158
Q

As children age, the situations that cause emotions change/ don’t change.

A

change. What makes a baby sad will not be the same as a 6 year old.

159
Q

As children grow, they learn how to M______ their emotions and develop new T_________ for this

A

manage techniques

160
Q

Very young children experience their emotions through their P_________ reactions.
Give two examples

A

Physical
Heart racing. waving hands
Behavior - crying

161
Q

A children grow, their emotions are effected by their ________ ( cognition)

A

thoughts

162
Q

As children age, their emotions become more C_______

A

complex

163
Q

The 4 components of emotion are:

A
  1. physical response - heart rate and breathing
  2. feelings
  3. thoughts and judgements
  4. action signals - desire to approach, run or fight.
164
Q

Two examples of a physical reaction to an emotion are:

A
  1. change in heart rate

2. change in breathing rate, depth

165
Q

children get better at predicting the world by B_______ relationships with others

A

building

166
Q

As children get older their L________, T_______ and P________ gets better. This helps their S______ development

A

language thinking planning

social

167
Q

As children’s emotional development increases they can:
W_____ longer for what they want.
N________ with others

A

wait

Negotiate ( bargain)

168
Q

Scientists say emotional and social skills help with A__________ performance

A

academic

169
Q

Young children’s parents check on their development by:

2

A
  1. comparing with children of similar age

2. consulting with professionals, like doctors or child workers.

170
Q

List 3 examples of what an 18-24 month child can do in regard to language

A

see table on page 99

171
Q

List 3 examples of what a 2 - 3 year old child can do in regard to language

A

see table on page 99

Psychology (9 decks)

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