RESEARCH AND STATISTICS Flashcards
Study in which 2 groups are followed
prospectively over time to see which exposures/
risks cause disease and to provide information
about prognosis
Cohort study (type of observational study)
Study best suited to evaluate the risks and benefits of a new treatment, establishes a direct causal relationship between treatment and outcomes
Randomized control trial
Type of study used to compare a new diagnostic
test to the current gold standard diagnostic test in a given population
Cross-sectional study
Retrospective study in which people with a disease are compared to those without the disease to evaluate risk factors, useful for rare outcomes
Case-control study (type of observational study)
Retrospective statistical analysis of several studies on the same topic
Meta-analysis
What is the best way to eliminate confounding
variables?
Randomization of study subjects
Type of bias that occurs when an association
between an exposure and an outcome is distorted by another variable
Confounding bias
The percent of people with the disease in a given population being studied
Prevalence
The number of new cases of a given disease in a
specific period of time
Incidence
The probability of correctly identifying those who truly have the disease
Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)
SnOUT sensitivity → rules out disease when
they’re negative
The probability of correctly identifying those who truly do not have the disease
Specificity = TN/(TN+FP)
SPIN specificity → rules in disease when they’re
positive
The probability of correctly identifying those not
having a disease among those whose tests are
negative
Negative predictive value = TN/(TN+FN)
The probability of correctly identifying those who truly have the disease among those whose tests are positive
Positive predictive value = TP/(TP+FP)
The hypothesis of no difference, i.e., daily
exercising does not reduce the risk of heart disease
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis of difference, i.e., daily exercising does reduce the risk of heart disease
Alternative hypothesis
