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Pediatric Questions > INFECTIOUS DISEASES > Flashcards

INFECTIOUS DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhea and turtle at home

A

Nontyphoidal Salmonella

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2
Q

Childcare center, fever, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, new-onset seizure, leukocytosis, bandemia, and
rectal prolapse

A

Shigella

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3
Q

Diarrhea, high BUN/creatinine, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome E. coli O157: H7

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4
Q

Child with his family to the Bahamas on a cruise ship, all of them have diarrhea, and a large number of people on the ship have the same

A

Norovirus outbreak

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5
Q

Child had rice in a restaurant, presents with vomiting and diarrhea

A

Bacillus cereus

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6
Q

Child ate potato salad 3 h ago, presents with sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea

A

Staphylococcus aureus (preformed enterotoxin)

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7
Q

Adolescent recently had grilled rare pork meat presents with acute right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain, normal appendix on abdominal US

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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8
Q

Child living in a farm and has been drinking unpasteurized cow milk, presenting with fever, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting. What is the most likely cause?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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9
Q

Campylobacter is associated with which of the following neurological conditions?

A

Guillain–Barré syndrome

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10
Q

A 6-month-old infant presents with constipation, and poor feeding (mother tried honey for the first time)

A

Botulism

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11
Q

What is the best test to confirm the diagnosis in the previous case with suspected botulism?

A

Detection of botulism toxins or spores in stool

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12
Q

Community outbreak of diarrhea, news reports that the drinking water has been contaminated with acid-fast protozoa

A

Cryptosporidium

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13
Q

What are the common pathogens causing recreational water-associated
outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis

A

Cryptosporidium, Shigella, Giardia, norovirus, and E. coli O157: H7

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14
Q

Traveled to Mexico; foul smelling diarrhea, with burping and flatulence

A

Giardiasis

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15
Q

Traveled to Mexico; bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, and without fever

A

Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)

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16
Q

Patient with bloody diarrhea with mucus, fever, abdominal pain, liver abscess and recent travel to
Mexico
What is the best diagnostic test in cases with suspected invasive amebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Treatment: metronidazole plus paromomycin
Serum antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica

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17
Q

Unimmunized and buccal cellulitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

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18
Q

Adolescent presents with, pneumonia, diarrhea, headache, and confusion

A

Legionella pneumophila

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19
Q

Adolescent presents with, cough, low-grade fever, headache, wheezing, and negative cold agglutinins

A

Chlamydia pneumoniae

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20
Q

A 3-day-old newborn, copious purulent eye discharge, and eyelid edema

A

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

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21
Q

Erythromycin ointment is considered the best regimen for prophylaxis against neonatal conjunctivitis because of its efficacy against

A

Gonococcal, and nongonococcal nonchlamydial pathogens (does not prevent
Chlamydia trachomatis transmission from mother to infant)

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22
Q

A 6-week-old, staccato cough, and eye discharge

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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23
Q

A 3-month-old presents with a staccato cough, no fever, and chest radiograph positive for pneumonia

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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24
Q

A 16-year-old with fever, recurrent non-productive cough, and malaise; patient was exposed to exotic birds in South America

A

Chlamydia psittaci

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25
Q

Breeds turkey, high fever, pneumonia, muscle pain, and splenomegaly

A

Chlamydia psittaci

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26
Q

Fever of unknown origin with elevated liver enzymes, lives on a farm, the most likely cause

A

Brucella, blood culture is the best test and treat with doxycycline + rifampin

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27
Q

Tick bite, fever, rash, myalgia, headache,
pancytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, and hyponatremia

A

Ehrlichiosis

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28
Q

Tick bite, fever, rash on palms and soles, headache, joint pain, low platelet, and hyponatremia

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
Rickettsia rickettsii

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29
Q

A 4-year-old with RMSF. What is the drug of choice?

A

Doxycycline

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30
Q

Connecticut, target skin lesion (erythema migrans), next step

A

Treat (Lyme disease); do not order serology

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31
Q

Child was camping in a park in New York, developed Bell’s palsy, no rash, no other symptoms

A

Order Lyme serology and treat if positive

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32
Q

A mother found a tick attached to her child’s thigh

A

Ticks should be removed by using forceps or tweezers without twisting or crushing

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33
Q

Child visited Oklahoma with family, they hunted and skinned rabbits, the child presented with a large lymph node in the groin, and fever

A

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

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34
Q

Neonate, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line is positive for Candida albicans

A

Remove the catheter and start IV antifungal

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35
Q

Most common electrolyte disturbances associated with amphotericin B therapy

A

Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia

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36
Q

Infant presents with 3 days of high fever, febrile seizure, develops a rash when fever resolves

A

Human herpesvirus 6 infection (roseola
infantum)

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37
Q

Fever, headache, runny nose, rash on the cheeks (looks like slapped), lacy rash on both arms

A

Erythema infectiosum (parvovirus B19)

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38
Q

Very high fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, bluish-gray specks on the buccal mucosa, the maculopapular rash spreading from the head down, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy

A

Measles

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39
Q

Child with mumps. For how long should children with mumps be excluded from school?

A

5 days from onset of parotid gland swelling

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40
Q

During school outbreak of mumps. For how long unimmunized children should be excluded from school?

A

At least 26 days after the onset of parotitis in the last person with mumps in the affected school

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41
Q

Posterior auricular and suboccipital
lymphadenopathy, headache, eye pain, sore throat, maculopapular rash, low-grade fever, and chills

A

German measles (rubella)

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42
Q

Newborn with microcephaly, chorioretinitis, periventricular calcification and a major cause of
sensorineural hearing loss

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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43
Q

Newborn with microcephaly, subcortical
intracranial calcifications, eye anomalies, and hyperreflexia. Mother immigrated from Brazil 2 months before giving birth in the USA. She
recalls having a fever in the first trimester

A

Congenital Zika syndrome

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44
Q

A fully immunized 6-year-old presented with malaise, low-grade fever, and a mild vesicular rash that resembles “dew drops on a rose petal”

A

Varicella zoster—may have mild episode even if vaccinated

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45
Q

Child is born to a mother who is diagnosed with varicella. When should the varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) be given?

A

If the mother is diagnosed from 5 days before birth to 2 days after birth

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46
Q

A 5-year-old male with sudden onset of high fever during the month of March; he has body aches, chills, sore throat, and generalized fatigue

A

Influenza

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47
Q

A 20-month-old boy with sudden onset of high fever 105 °F during the month of January. He has a runny nose, cough, and malaise. O/E: he has nasal flaring and retractions, bilateral rhonchi. Rapid
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) tests are negative. What is the next best step?

A

Start oseltamivir and order influenza molecular assays (no need to wait for the result in highrisk children before starting the medicine)

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48
Q

Who is at risk of hospitalization and development of complications caused by influenza infection?

A

Children younger than 2 years or who have underlying medical conditions

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49
Q

What is the sensitivity of rapid diagnostic influenza assays test?

A

Ranges from 10% to 70% (negative test result does not rule out influenza)

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50
Q

What is the sensitivity of influenza molecular assay?

A

Ranges from 86% to 100%

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51
Q

A 3-year-old male never vaccinated against influenza should receive how many doses?

A

From 6 months to 8 years, if never received a previous influenza vaccine, 2 doses separated by 1 month are needed, then annually afterward

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52
Q

What is the most common cause of croup in children?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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53
Q

A 4-month-old unvaccinated child with profuse foul-smelling diarrhea, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities

A

Rotavirus

54
Q

An 8-year-old female with recurrent cold sore on her lower lip

A

Herpes labialis (HSV-1)

55
Q

A 16-year-old sexually active male is complaining of painful vesicles noted on the penis

A

HSV-1 or HSV-2

56
Q

A 14-year-old with a history of severe eczema presents with diffuse clusters and vesicles noted on the affected area

A

Eczema herpeticum
Treatment: acyclovir

57
Q

A 16-year-old sexually active female presents with cauliflower-like lesions in the genital region

A

HPV—strains 6 and 11 are commonly
associated with anogenital warts

58
Q

Which strains of HPV are more commonly associated with cervical cancer?

A

HPV—strains 16 and 18

59
Q

Adolescent male present with mumps (parents are asking about the possible complications)

A

Epididymo orchitis, arthritis, encephalitis

60
Q

Chickenpox rash is infectious for how long?

A

1–2 days before the rash, and until all lesions are crusted over

61
Q

Limping, after stepping on a nail with a shoe on

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

62
Q

Kitten at home, large axillary and cervical lymph nodes

A

Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease)

63
Q

What is the best laboratory test to establish the diagnosis of cat scratch disease

A

Serologic test (indirect immunofluorescent assay)

64
Q

Dog bite, 12 h later presents with swelling of the hand, tenderness, and erythema

A

Pasteurella species

65
Q

Dog bite, 5 days later presents with swelling of the hand, tenderness, and erythema

A

S. aureus

66
Q

Dog bite with severe complications, the patient is hospitalized

A

Ampicillin/sulbactam IV

67
Q

Dog, cat, and human bite drug of choice

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanate

68
Q

Dog bite and allergic to penicillin

A

Clindamycin and TMP-SMX

69
Q

Dead bat found in the same room as the patient

A

Give rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin

69
Q

Bitten by a fox

A

Give rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin

70
Q

Bitten by a domestic dog during aggressive play

A

Give amoxicillin/clavulanate

71
Q

The most common organism that causes infection in cat bite

A

Pasteurella multocida

72
Q

Cochlear implants are associated with an increased risk of which bacterial infection?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

73
Q

What is the best empiric treatment in cases of perianal bacterial dermatitis?

A

Oral cephalexin or another antistaphylococcal antibiotic depends on the local pattern of antibiotic resistance and sensitivity

73
Q

Child with perianal painful rash and rectal pain for 3 days. O.E: bright red, sharply demarcated rash around the anal area

A

Perianal bacterial dermatitis (caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes or S. aureus),

74
Q

A 5-year-old, fever, headache, pharyngeal erythema, palatal petechiae, abdominal pain, nausea

A

S. pyogenes (group A streptococcus)

75
Q

A 5-year-old presents with fever, headache, pharyngeal exudates, and diffuse sandpaper-like rash. Gram-positive beta-hemolytic streptococci
isolated from throat culture

A

Scarlet fever

76
Q

A 2-year-old child presents with low-grade fever, thick nasal discharge, and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy

A

Streptococcosis (Streptococcus)

77
Q

A 12-year-old, throat pain with exudates, fever, headache, large cervical lymph node, and splenomegaly

A

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infectious
mononucleosis

77
Q

A 3-year-old, fever, runny nose, hoarse voice, cough, and pharyngeal exudates

A

Viral pharyngitis

78
Q

Best screening test for suspected EBV infection in ≥ 5-year-old

A

Monospot test

79
Q

A football player is diagnosed with EBV without splenomegaly. How soon can he return to contact sports?

A

No contact sports for at least 4–6 weeks— increased risk of splenic rupture

79
Q

Prodromal high fever and irritability, followed by painful vesicles that ulcerate on the anterior palate,
tongue, and buccal mucosa, with intensely inflamed gingivae

A

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis

80
Q

Abrupt onset of pharyngitis, palpebral
conjunctivitis, fever, a moderate degree of illness, and preauricular lymphadenopathy, mild cough, and nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, abdominal pain

A

Adenovirus infection (pharyngoconjunctival fever)

81
Q

A 6-year-old child with fever, headache, throat pain and abdominal pain. O/E: pharyngeal erythema, palatal petechiae, and positive cervical lymphadenopathy. What is the next best step?

A

Rapid antigen Streptococcus testing (RAST). If RAST is negative, obtain a throat culture. Prescribing antibiotics for presumed group A
Streptococcus (GAS) without testing is not appropriate

82
Q

Poor feeding, drooling, tiny vesicles, and
erythematous ulcers occur on the posterior pharynx, involving the soft palate, uvula, and tonsillar pillars, and resolve spontaneously within 1 week.
With or without fever

A

Herpangina (enteroviral stomatitis)

83
Q

A painful 1- to 3-mm vesicles on an erythematous base involving the buccal mucosa, palate, tongue, uvula, and anterior tonsillar pillars. A gray-white
vesicle surrounded by erythema primarily on the palms and soles, also on the buttocks and distal extremities

A

Hand-foot-mouth disease (enteroviral stomatitis with exanthem)

84
Q

Throat pain, fever, grayish-white membrane on the pharynx; the child is not immunized and looks toxic

A

Diphtheria

85
Q

Child with a persistent tooth abscess developed multiple sinuses drainage on the cheeks with sulfur granules seen in the exudates

A

Actinomycosis

86
Q

A 12-year-old boy with a history of swimming in freshwater lagoons, developed headaches, myalgia,
and fever; 7 days later he became jaundiced, with elevated creatinine level, high bilirubin level, mild elevation of AST and ALT

A

Leptospirosis

87
Q

Unimmunized, dirty wound, and fracture of the femur

A

Tetanus vaccine and tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG)

88
Q

Immunizations up to date, last tetanus vaccine was 3 years ago, dirty wounds, and multiple compound fractures in a car accident

A

No tetanus vaccine nor TIG

89
Q

A 12-year-old boy stepped on a dirty rusty nail, the last DTaP immunization was 8 years ago (received 5 doses of DTaP by the age 4 years of age)

A

Tdap immunization

90
Q

A 12-year-old boy stepped on a clean object at home, presents with a minor, clean wound (received 5 doses of DTaP by the age 4 years of age)

A

Needs booster dose for pertussis component at 11–12 years (Tdap). Tetanus booster required every 10 years

91
Q

A 2-month-old developed bronchiolitis and negative RSV

A

Human metapneumovirus

91
Q

Young adolescent works on an animal farm developed skin papule on the arm that eventually ulcerates and forms black eschar with non-pitting, painless induration and swelling

A

Anthrax

92
Q

Unimmunized, presents with fever, muscle weakness and paralysis involving the proximal muscles first. History of foreign travel

A

Poliomyelitis

93
Q

Child sustained significant burn a few days ago, starts having a fever, tachypnea, tachycardia and new discoloration of wound edges. What is the next best step?

A

Start IV antibiotics

94
Q

Central line, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection. What is the drug of choice?

A

Vancomycin

95
Q

IV vancomycin, suddenly develop a rash, itchiness, flushing, and tachycardia

A

Red man syndrome (reduce IV infusion rate)

96
Q

Recently traveled to Africa, seizure, decreased level of consciousness, retinal hemorrhage, and hypoglycemia. What is the most likely cause?

A

Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria)

97
Q

A 3-year-old developed osteomyelitis, culture is negative, not responding to vancomycin. What is the most likely cause?

A

Kingella kingae (aerobic CO2 enhanced culture)

97
Q

For travel to Africa, the prophylactic antimicrobial therapy of choice for malaria is

A

Atovaquone-proguanil or doxycycline
(mefloquine has black box warning)

98
Q

The best study for neonates presenting with fever and Citrobacter bacteremia

A

Brain CT or MRI

99
Q

Neonate presents with fever, and blood culture grows Citrobacter. What is the most common complication?

A

Brain abscess

100
Q

Late-onset (7 days to 3 months of life) group B streptococcal infection presents with

A

Bacteremia (more common), meningitis, or osteomyelitis

101
Q

Stiff neck, fever, CSF WBC < 1000, 80%
neutrophil, negative CSF gram stain. What is the best CSF study?

A

Enterovirus PCR

102
Q

Empiric antibiotic therapy in a newborn with presumed bacterial meningitis

A

Ampicillin plus aminoglycoside or ampicillin plus cefotaxime

103
Q

Empiric antibiotic therapy in infants and children with presumed bacterial meningitis

A

Vancomycin plus ceftriaxone or cefotaxime

104
Q

What is the duration of therapy in most of the cases of meningitis?

A

14–21 days

105
Q

What are the long-term neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis in children?

A

Developmental delay, intellectual disability, hearing impairment, epilepsy, spasticity, and hemiparesis

106
Q

Child with tetralogy of Fallot presents with a headache, seizure and brain abscess

A

S. aureus

107
Q

A 17-year-old female with a history of IV drug abuse presents with fever, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, tender subcutaneous nodules in the distal nail pads, positive blood culture for S. aureus

A

Endocarditis

108
Q

Adolescent with high-risk behavior and IV drug
abuse presents with fever, lymphadenopathy,
pharyngitis, muscle and joint pain, mouth and
genital ulcers, skin rash including the palms and
soles, rapid strep and monospot tests are negative

A

Acute retroviral (HIV) syndrome

109
Q

The best initial test for the diagnosis of acute
retroviral (HIV) syndrome

A

HIV DNA PCR
Confirm with ELISA/Western blot and HIV
RNA PCR (viral load)

110
Q

Main side effect of zidovudine (ZDV)

A

Bone marrow suppression

111
Q

A pregnant adolescent with HIV, her CD4 count is 800

A

Start anti-HIV therapy immediately

112
Q

Patient with HIV infection, diarrhea for 3 weeks
and not resolving

A

Cryptosporidium

113
Q

Child lives with his father who was in jail,
developed cough, weight loss, night sweats, chest radiograph shows hilar adenopathy and pneumonia

A

Tuberculosis

114
Q

Developed large matted cervical lymph node,
persistent for 6 weeks, and not responding to
antibiotic; you notice the overlying skin is
violaceous. Most likely diagnosis

A

Mycobacterium avium

115
Q

Child presents with large anterior cervical lymph
node measure 7 × 4 cm, matted, painless, PPD is 9 mm induration, not responding to antibiotics for 9 weeks

A

Surgical removal of the node with complete
excision (atypical mycobacteria, including M.
avium)

116
Q

First-line treatment for head lice

A

Pyrethrin and 1% permethrin

117
Q

When can children with head lice infestation return to school or daycare?

A

Should be allowed to complete the school day
(no exclusion from school or daycare because
of head lice or nits in healthy children)

118
Q

Head lice resistant after the treatment with
permethrin

A

Give malathion (ovicidal)

119
Q

A 1-month-old with scabies. What is the drug of
choice?

A

Precipitated sulfur 6% in petrolatum

120
Q

A young girl with malodorous vaginal discharge.
She has a vaginal discharge visible at the introitus. Mother denied sexual abuse or trauma. What is the most likely cause?

A

Retained foreign body

121
Q

Adolescent girl presents with severe rash and
desquamation in the hands and feet, hypotension, and fever. The vaginal examination reveals a tampon

A

Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus
Treatment: IV vancomycin + clindamycin)

122
Q

A 7-year-old presents with fever, malaise, skin rash with bullae, and positive Nikolsky sign

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

123
Q

A 2-week-old neonate with a history of a PICC
line, with fever, bacteremia, and positive culture
showing gram-positive cocci

A

Enterococcus faecium—resistant to vancomycin
(VRE) and cephalosporins
Treatment: linezolid

124
Q

A 13-year-old presents with bloody diarrhea,
abdominal pain and cramps; patient recently treated with clindamycin

A

Clostridium difficile—initial treatment choice
for first, and a non-severe episode is oral
metronidazole

125
Q

Patient does not respond to metronidazole and is diagnosed with another episode of C. difficile. What antibiotic should be used?

A

Oral vancomycin

126
Q

Child with a fever, cervical lymphadenopathy.
Child ingested undercooked meat. CT scan shows ring enhanced lesion

A

Toxoplasmosis

Pediatric Questions (31 decks)

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