research and health Flashcards
what is qualitative research
collection and analysis of non-numerical information - pop behaviours and attitudes - why people act the way they do
what are examples of methods used in qualitative research
interview, focus groups, diaries
content analysis, framework, protocol, thematic
what are patient access schemes
mechanism to share cost of new drug between NHS and the company
what is NICE
national institute for health and care excellence - national guidance for health and social care
what is the aim of nice
national point of reference for advice on safety and effective health and social care
what are quality standards by nice
sentinel markers of concise measurable statements designed to drive quality improvements across a pathway of care
what is colloquial vs scientific evidence
c - testimony or general feedback to support scientific evidence
s - explicit, systematic and replicable
what is the biggest challenge to implementing guidance
gaining consensus with colleges
what is the inverse care law
least access to healthcare for individuals who need it most
what is inclusion health
GP surgeries, late night clinics, street medicine
what are the 4 lifestyle behaviours associated with disease burden
alcohol, smoking, diet, exercise
which age groups drink the most, binge drink, frequent drink
45-64 most
65+ frequent
16-24 binge
how does employment affect alcohol consumption
those who work drink more
how does employment affect smoking
those who are unemployed are more likely to smoke
what is an obesogenic environment
environment that encourages development of obesity
describe the changes in the ladder of intervention
increasingly involved intervention as you go up and more likely to stop behaviour
how do we tackle multiple behaviours in specific groups rather than the population as a whole
wellness services - bring smoking weight loss services
every contact counts - everyone in NHS promotes good health
exploiting the potential of lay and peer support
what is the 3rd H of public heath
comorbidity and integrated care (improving health services)
what is comorbidities and multimorbidities
presence of one or more additional disorders co-ocurring with a primary disease
two or more medical conditions existing simultaneously regardless of the relationship
what is poly pharmacy
dealing with patients on multiple medications - reducing medication error
what is focus
primary and secondary preventions
care is co-ordinated through integrated and social care teams
what are the summary points of the health and social care act of 2012
local authorities responsible for that populations health
what is the course of crime to probation
crime - police - courts - prison - probation
what influences the well being of an offender
housing, money, addiction, metal health, education and employment
what are the main obesity services currently
6-12 month weight loss service
bariatric surgery or less intensive service
what is the commissioning cycle of obesity services
service design bidding for services performance data evidence of need patent advice and expert advice identifying gaps
what is health economics
how goods and services are produced, distributed ad consumed
what is an integrated care system
framework that all trusts should be working as - involving everyone necessary for care
what are the shared issue and challenges of public heath in emergency services
mental health, drug and alcohol use, domestic violence, isolation, children
what is ACE in emergency public health
adverse childhood experience
those with 4+ experiences more likely to suffer worse outcomes in life
what are clinical commissioning groups (CCG)
clinically led statutory NHS body responsible for planning and commissioning health care services for their local area
how to health needs vary across populations
health profiles for local neighbourhoods sharing knowledge through staff education sessions
what are the three steps in public health approach in commissioning
population needs, wider determinants, evidence based
when was the first public heath act and what was it
1848
guarantor of standards of health and environmental quality
what are the ferdinand mount 5 types of inequalities
political - equal rights to health
life outcomes - equal quality of health
opportunity - equal access to health
treatment and responsibility - equal quality of healthcare
participation - equal consideration in HC decisions
what are the different social identities that interacts
biological - who we are
cultural - what we do
structural - where we dwell
what is the mini coefficient
most common measure of inequality - varies between 0 and 1 from complete equality to complete inequality
what are deprivation indices
measure the level of deprivation in an area
how do they rank areas of deprivation in the UK
domain indicies such as income, health and disability, education, training, living, crime
what are the three aims of health protection
preventing and controlling infectious disease
reaching the adverse effects of hazards
preparing for potential or emerging threats
what threats are there to public health protection
radiation, chemicals, poisons, communicable diseases, behaviour, HC, environmental change, public health infrastructure
what are the three things we need to consider in infection to public health
sources, route and susceptible people
what does susceptibility to public infection depend on
routes o infection - direct, airborne, food, blood, vector, sexually
host factors - genetic, immunity, age, nutrition
organism - dose, virulence, exposure,
environmental - social (poverty) physical (ventilation, overcrowding)
what is an incubation period
latent period and infectious period of infection
what is an epidemic vs pandemic
e - serious outbreak in a single community, population or region
p - epidemic spreading around the world affecting people and country
what are the differences between influenza a b and c
c - mild, stable
b - occasional outbreaks, children affect and prone to mutation
a - infect lot of animals - very prone to mutation
why is influenza a so dangerous
haemagglutatin and neuraminidase surface antigens - causes significant illness - pandemics
what are the 4 types of influenza
seasonal
avain
swine flu
pandemic
describe seasonal vs avian influenza
s - flu jab, elderly young and IC - peaks in winter, antigenic drift - mutations mean can infect immune people
a - disease of birds passing to humans, 50% mortality and causes pandemic
what is swine flu
disease of pigs - 2000’s pandemic not effective vaccines
how do we get pandemic influenza
antigenic shift - two or more different strains combine eg spanish flu, asian, swine - mass pandemic
what are the two phases of managing pandemics
containment phase - identification, treatment, tracing
treatment phase - treat cases only, infection control and vaccines
how long does a vaccine take to make when managing vaccines
6-10 months
describe the measles infectious disease
notifiable infectious disease
vaccine very effective
had a leeds outbreak 2017 - 2018
