Research and ethics Flashcards
what is quantitative research
reflects the philosophy that everything in the psychological world can be interpreted through numbers
name 3 circumstances where we should use quantitative research
identify cause and effect between variables
testing specific hypotheses
seeking to project results to a wider population
name 3 strengths of quantitative data
easy to describe and analyse
gives you definitive answer
easier to generalise
name 4 types of quantitative research
questionnaire
experimental
correlational
factorial
what are 4 ways we can measure numerical data
nominal/categorical
ordinal
interval
ratio
what are 2 reasons why we should replicate data
on piece of research does not make it a fact
add validity
what are 2 reasons why we shouldnt replicate research
harder to publish replicated studies
research should push boundaries and build on existing theorie
what are 3 reasons why a researcher would conduct a new piece of research
new sample, group, context
inconclusive findings
limitations of previous research
what is the purpose of experimental research
to statistically test a stated hypothesis
what does it mean if you accept the null hypothesis
any effect observed is due to random variability rather than the prediction made in the hypothesis
what is a hypothesis
a clear and specific prediction about the relationship between 2 variables
outlines how the prediction will be tested
what is a one tailed hypothesis
provides a definitive direction
what is a 2 tailed hypothesis
there will be an effect
what is a null hypothesis
stating there will be no relationship between the variables
what is the hypothetico-deductive model
a model where theories are evaluated by generating and testing hypotheses
what is falsifiability
you can never prove a hypothesis to be true, but you can show that it is false with a single observation SWANS
what is a variable
something within the environment that can change between people/situations
what is research ethics
the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting and publication of information about research participants and other forms of research data
what 3 things do ethics protect
the rights and well-being of participants
your own well-being, safety and professionalism
university, community and wider society
what is the Nuremberg code
a set of research ethic principles for human experimentation set as a result of the Nuremberg trials at the end of WW2
what did the Nuremberg code say
required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the subject.
The experiment should aim at positive results for society
Humans have the right to withdraw
Staff should be properly trained
The BPS code of ethics and conduct is based on which 4 key principle
respect
competence
responsibility
integrity
BPS code of ethics and conduct
respect
respect all individual, cultural and role differences
avoid bias
privacy is vital
BPS code of ethics and conduct
competence
professionalism is vital
planning ahead and seeking guidance
BPS code of ethics and conduct
responsibility
accept responsibility towards those taking part e.g participants, general public, psychology and yourself.
BPS code of ethics and conduct
integrity
the integrity of the research must surround the following ; honesty accuracy clarity fairness
The code of human research ethics is based upon what
BPS code of ethics and conduct
what is added to the code of human research ethics
maximising benefits and minimising risk
importance of informed consent
how can we confirm valid informed consent
sufficient information
sufficient time
appropriate from
withdraw at any time
how can we ensure confidentiality
fiction names
appropriate questions
parameters of consent
how does the BPS maximise benefits and minimise harm
risk should b no greater that those encountered in real life
what are 3 positives of qualitative data
can be evaluated in depth detail
interviews can be redirected
more powerful data
how do you work out standard deviation
work out mean
subtract mean from each number and square result
work out mean of squared numbers
take the square root
