Research and ethics

Question 1

what is quantitative research

Answer 1

reflects the philosophy that everything in the psychological world can be interpreted through numbers

Question 2

name 3 circumstances where we should use quantitative research

Answer 2

identify cause and effect between variables
testing specific hypotheses
seeking to project results to a wider population

Question 3

name 3 strengths of quantitative data

Answer 3

easy to describe and analyse
gives you definitive answer
easier to generalise

Question 4

name 4 types of quantitative research

Answer 4

questionnaire
experimental
correlational
factorial

Question 5

what are 4 ways we can measure numerical data

Answer 5

nominal/categorical
ordinal
interval
ratio

Question 6

what are 2 reasons why we should replicate data

Answer 6

on piece of research does not make it a fact

add validity

Question 7

what are 2 reasons why we shouldnt replicate research

Answer 7

harder to publish replicated studies

research should push boundaries and build on existing theorie

Question 8

what are 3 reasons why a researcher would conduct a new piece of research

Answer 8

new sample, group, context
inconclusive findings
limitations of previous research

Question 9

what is the purpose of experimental research

Answer 9

to statistically test a stated hypothesis

Question 10

what does it mean if you accept the null hypothesis

Answer 10

any effect observed is due to random variability rather than the prediction made in the hypothesis

Question 11

what is a hypothesis

Answer 11

a clear and specific prediction about the relationship between 2 variables
outlines how the prediction will be tested

Question 12

what is a one tailed hypothesis

Answer 12

provides a definitive direction

Question 13

what is a 2 tailed hypothesis

Answer 13

there will be an effect

Question 14

what is a null hypothesis

Answer 14

stating there will be no relationship between the variables

Question 15

what is the hypothetico-deductive model

Answer 15

a model where theories are evaluated by generating and testing hypotheses

Question 16

what is falsifiability

Answer 16

you can never prove a hypothesis to be true, but you can show that it is false with a single observation SWANS

Question 17

what is a variable

Answer 17

something within the environment that can change between people/situations

Question 18

what is research ethics

Answer 18

the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting and publication of information about research participants and other forms of research data

Question 19

what 3 things do ethics protect

Answer 19

the rights and well-being of participants
your own well-being, safety and professionalism
university, community and wider society

Question 20

what is the Nuremberg code

Answer 20

a set of research ethic principles for human experimentation set as a result of the Nuremberg trials at the end of WW2

Question 21

what did the Nuremberg code say

Answer 21

required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the subject.
The experiment should aim at positive results for society
Humans have the right to withdraw
Staff should be properly trained

Question 22

The BPS code of ethics and conduct is based on which 4 key principle

Answer 22

respect
competence
responsibility
integrity

Question 23

BPS code of ethics and conduct

respect

Answer 23

respect all individual, cultural and role differences
avoid bias
privacy is vital

Question 24

BPS code of ethics and conduct

competence

Answer 24

professionalism is vital

planning ahead and seeking guidance

Question 25

BPS code of ethics and conduct

responsibility

Answer 25

accept responsibility towards those taking part e.g participants, general public, psychology and yourself.

Question 26

BPS code of ethics and conduct

integrity

Answer 26

the integrity of the research must surround the following ;
honesty
accuracy
clarity
fairness

Question 27

The code of human research ethics is based upon what

Answer 27

BPS code of ethics and conduct

Question 28

what is added to the code of human research ethics

Answer 28

maximising benefits and minimising risk

importance of informed consent

Question 29

how can we confirm valid informed consent

Answer 29

sufficient information
sufficient time
appropriate from
withdraw at any time

Question 30

how can we ensure confidentiality

Answer 30

fiction names
appropriate questions
parameters of consent

Question 31

how does the BPS maximise benefits and minimise harm

Answer 31

risk should b no greater that those encountered in real life

Question 32

what are 3 positives of qualitative data

Answer 32

can be evaluated in depth detail
interviews can be redirected
more powerful data

Question 33

how do you work out standard deviation

Answer 33

work out mean
subtract mean from each number and square result
work out mean of squared numbers
take the square root