Research and EBP Flashcards
what is the PICO format question?
p=population of interest I=intervention C= comparison O=outcomes (pg.93)
example:
in stroke survivors with verbal anomia (P), does training in the use of gestures (I) as compared to no gesture (C) facilitate word retrieval (O)
____ is the generalizability of results
external validity (pg.93)
in ________ research, data are obtained using numerical measures
quantitive (pg.95)
________ research, the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and observes the effect on the dependent variable
experimental (pg.95)
_______ research, it is not possible for the researcher to manipulate the independent variable because it is a subject characteristic
descriptive (pg.95)
______ research involves exploration of factors that may underlie behavior
qualitative (pg.96)
Interval or ratio measurement data may be described in terms of….
- central tendency
- variability (how much scores vary from the average)
- skewness (lack of symmetry of the distribution scores)
- kurtosis (the general shape of the distribution of scores)
(pg.97)
central tendency can be measures in what 3 ways?
- mean= the arithmetic average
- median=the middle score of he distribution
- mode= the most commonly occurring score
(pg.97)
what are the measurements of variability?
- range= the lowest score to the highest score
- variance= how far each score in the distribution varies from the mean score
- standard deviation= the average amount that all the cores in the distribution deviate from the mean
(pg. 97)
when the level of significance is ________ then the researcher usually decides to reject the null hypothesis and therefore to decide that the hypothesis is probably true
small (pg.97)
what number is considered small enough to reject the null hypothesis?
a level of significance of .05 or less (p < .05)
pg.97
the square of the correlation coefficient is used for what?
-to assess practical meaning (pg.98)
what is regression analysis?
measures the degree to which the value of one variable can be predicted from the value of other variables (pg.98)
for nominal level data, associations between variables can be presented in a _____ table
contingency (pg.98)
the level of significance of any relationship among the nominal variables can be examined using ____ or _____
chi-square, contingency coefficient (pg.98)
-chi-square does not indicate the strength of the relationship whereas the contingency coefficient does measure the strength of the relationship
parametric procedures (single dependent variable, difference between 2 sets of data)
- z ratio=when sample are 30 or more
- t-test= when samples are less than 30
- independent t-test= used to compare 2 different groups
- dependent t-test= used for within group comparisons
(pg.98)
_______ can help the SLP to understand the practical significance of data in a research study
effect size estimates (pg.98)
-one common effect size estimate is Cohen’s d, used to compare the means of 2 or more groups
_______ is often completed to measure the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false
power estimate ([g.99)
-generally, a minimum value of .80 is a acceptable measure of power
______ research is aimed at demonstrating the benefits of treatment through well-controlled studies with internal validity, statistical significance and practical significance
treatment efficacy, treatment effectiveness, treatment fidelity
treatment efficacy (pg.99)
____ is demonstrated when there is clinical improvement from the treatment when applied in the real-world context
treatment efficacy, treatment effectiveness, treatment fidelity
treatment effectiveness (pg.99)
______ is the degree to which actual implementation of the treatment in the real world is consistent with the prototype treatment administered in he controlled conditions of the treatment efficacy study
treatment efficacy, treatment effectiveness, treatment fidelity
treatment fidelity (pg.99)
the strongest evidence of treatment efficacy comes from…
- meta-analysis (pg.99)
2. systematic review
__________ are objective and comprehensive overviews of research focused on a particular clinical issue.
meta-anayisis or systematic review?
systematic review (pg.99)
_______ refers to how well the test detects that a condition is present when the condition actually is present
sensitivity (pg.100)
_____ refers to how well the test detects that a condition is not present when the condition actually is not present
specificity (pg.100)
_______ the number of true positives divided by the combined true and false positives
positive predictive value or negative predictive value
positive predictive value (pg.100)
______ the number of true negatived divided by the combined true and false negatives
negative predictive value (pg.100)
True/False: EBP considers how research out-comes data may apply differently to ethnic minority groups that were not included in the research studies
true (pg.100)
used to evaluate a client’s day to dy communication skills in naturalistic, socially meaningful contexts.
Functional assessment
evaluated not against statistical norms, but against standard or performance selected by the clinician
Criterion-referenced assessment
seeks to evaluate a child’s ability to learn when provided with instruction
Dynamic assessment
involves collecting samples of a child’s work or performance over a period of time and observing the growth that occurs when instruction is provided
Portfolio assessment
involves a clinician selecting an ethno culturally appropriate tests and interpret all test results cautiously
Comprehensive and integrated assessment
preferred alternative to standardized test which establish functionbaselines and target behaviors
Client specific
philiophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or obserational evidence
empiricism
events do not happen randomly or haphhazardly, they are caused by other events
determinism
law that mandated free and appropriate education for disabled students from ages 3 to 21
Formally called the “Education of the Handicapped act”
later retitled “Individuals with Disabilities Education Act”
established mandated development of individualized family service plans, required states to provide early intervention services
Public Law 99-457
This law increased meaningful parental involvement in eval, eduacational results for children with disabilities, participation of educators in the general classroom setting, participation of children with learnign disabilities in the classroom, prevention of inapporpriate identification, improved use of alternative assessments.
IDEA
Law that provides civil rights protetion relative to employment, state and local government to individuals with disabilities.
ADA
provided foundation for medicare and medicaid
SSA
what is the most effective form of reinforcement?
intermittant
What kind of study design takes a baseline, teaches something, withdraws?
ABA or ABAB (single subject)
As a clinician, you are concerned with using the most appropriate assessment approach
that suits your clients, avoids false positive or false negative diagnoses, helps generate
treatment goals, and is fair to clients of all ethnocultural backgrounds, including
mainstream clients. To accomplish this assessment goal, you would select which of the
following approaches?
An integrated approach
A clinician is measuring communicative behaviors in a child with a cleft palate. The
clinician measures the time intervals during which the speech behaviors selected for
observation occurred. What are the methods of measurement called?
Time sampling measures
