Research Flashcards
what are the two types of scales to measure QUALITATIVE date? are these measures parametric or non-parametric?
(1) nominal
(2) ordinal
- both are non-parametric (not evenly distributed)
what is the difference between nominal and ordinal data?
both are qualitative and non-parametric, but ordinal data is placed into some kind of order by their position
-ex: nominal: patients organized by blood type; ordinal: MMT score or FIM scores (ordered by grades or scores)
what are the two types of scales to measure QUANTITATIVE date? are these measures parametric or non-parametric?
(1) interval: does not have true zero (ex: temperature in C/F, developmental or functional status scales)
(2) ratio: has true zero (ex. ROM, nerve conduction velocity, distance walked)
what does test-retest reliability measure?
how reliable is the TEST itself (has nothing to do with people performing the test)
what is the difference between content and construct validity?
(1) content: test should measure specifically what the patient problem is (ex. BERG for patient with poor balance)
(2) construct: test should measure what it’s supposed to measure (ex. Goni measures ROM)
what are concurrent and face validity?
(1) concurrent: test is performed and compared to gold standard
(2) face: when a test appears to measure what it claims to measure
what are type I and type II errors?
(1) type I error: false positive
(2) type II error: false negative
what is the formula for calculating sensitivity? specificity? positive likelihood ratios? negative likelihood ratios?
(1) sensitivity: TP/TP+FN
(2) specificity: TN/TN+FP
(3) positive LR: TP/TP+FP
(4) negative LR: TN/TN+FN
what is the difference between one-tailed and two tailed t-tests?
one-tailed has a directional hypothesis with one end of distribution; 2 tails are non-directional with 2 ends of distribution
what are three tests that can be used to determine the difference between non-equal groups (non-parametric data)? what is the difference between them?
(1) chi-square test: find difference between groups
(2) Mann-U Whitney: find difference between independent sample of same population
(3) Kruskal Wallis: 3 or more groups
when is a t-test used and when is an ANOVA used with parametric data?
(1) t-test: comparing 2 groups
(2) ANOVA: comparing 2 or more groups
what is the difference between 1-way and 2-way ANOVA?
(1) 1-way: comparing 2 or more groups with 1 intervention
(2) 2-way: comparing 2 or more groups with 2 interventions
(3) 3-way: 3 interventions.. and so on
what is 1 SD ABOVE the mean? what are 2 SD ABOVE the mean? what are 3 SD above the mean?
1 SD Above: 34%
2 SD Above: 47.5%
3 SD Above: 49.85%
*These would also be the same is it was referring to SD below the mean
what % of score fall within 1 SD above AND below the mean? 2 SD above AND below? 3 SD above and below?
1 SD Above and Below: 68%
2 SD Above and Below: 95%
3 SD Above and Below: 99%
