Neuro Flashcards
what are the primary functions of the frontal lobe? (3)
(1) PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
(2) executive function
(3) attention
what are the primary functions of the parietal lobe? (2)
(1) PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
(2) pain, temp, touch, proprioception
what is Broca’s aphasia? what lobe is this area of the brain located?
(1) expressive, non-fluent aphasia; these patients know what they want to say, but can’t say it
(2) frontal lobe (think frontal because they have MOTOR issues with speaking)
BEN = Broca, Expressive, Non-Fluent
what is Wernicke’s aphasia? what lobe is this area of the brain located?
(1) fluent aphasia where the patient can’t comprehend (they can put together smooth sentences but they make no sense)
(2) temporal lobe
what are the primary functions of the temporal lobe? (2)
(1) PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
(2) memory and learning
what are the primary functions of the occipital lobe? (3)
(1) PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
(2) perceptual deficits (visual agnosia)
(3) C/L homonymous hemianopia
what artery supplies blood to Broca’s region of the brain? what artery supplies Wernicke’s region?
(1) Broca’s: upper division of MCA
(2) Wernicke’s: lower division of MCA
where are the 12 cranial nerves located within the brain?
CE MI PONS MEDU Cerebrum: 1,2 Midbrain: 3,4 Pons, 5,6,7,8 Medulla: 9,10,11,12
what is CN 1 and what is it’s function?
(1) olfactory
(2) smell
what is CN 2 and what is it’s function?
(1) optic
(2) vision
what is CN 3 and what is it’s function?
(1) oculomotor
(2) turns eye up, down, medial; elevates eyelid, constricts pupil
what is CN 4 and what is it’s function?
(1) trochlear
2) turns adducted eye down (intorsion
what is CN 5 and what is it’s function?
(1) trigeminal
(2) FACIAL SENSATION, ANTERIOR TONGUE SENSATION, muscles of mastication, dampens sound
what is CN 6 and what is it’s function?
(1) abducens
(2) abducts eye
what is CN 7 and what is it’s function?
(1) facial
(2) TASTE ANTERIOR TONGUE, muscles of facial expression. tears / salivation (two sub glands), dampens sound
what is CN 8 and what is it’s function?
(1) vestibulocochlear
(2) balance and hearing
what is CN 9 and what is it’s function?
(1) glossopharyngeal
2) TASTE POSTERIOR TONGUE, SENSATION POSTERIOR TONGUE, sensation from oropharynx, salivation (parotid
what is CN 10 and what is it’s function?
(1) vagus
(2) decreases HR, increases GI motility, muscles of larynx / pharynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera
what is CN 11 and what is it’s function?
(1) accessory (spinal)
2) trap and SCOM innervation (head movements
what is CN 12 and what is it’s function?
(1) hypoglossal
(2) tongue movements
a lesion to CN 12 will result in a deviation of the tongue to which side?
the tongue will deviate to the SAME side of the lesion (atrophy will be present on lesion side)
a lesion to CN 10 will result in a deviation of the uvula to which side?
the uvula will deviate to the OPPOSITE side of the lesion
what CNs is ALS more likely to affect? least likely to affect?
motor and mixed nerves; sensory nerves are not usually affected by ALS
what CNs is ALS more likely to affect? least likely to affect?
motor and mixed nerves; sensory nerves are not usually affected by ALS
how is the Rinne test performed and what do positive tests indicate?
(1) place tuning fork on mastoid process (bone conduction) and then right beside ear (air conduction)
(2) if the pt. can’t hear it stronger outside of ear but can hear it on mastoid process, it’s positive for conductive hearing loss
how is the Weber test performed and what do positive tests indicate?
(1) place tuning fork on bridge of forehead, nose or teeth
(2) Laterilzation to GOOD side = sensorineural loss
(3) Laterilzation to AFFECTED side = conductive loss
what score on the BERG indicates an increased risk for falls?
<45
what score on the TUG indicates independence? what score indicates HIGH risk for falls?
(1) <10 seconds indicates independence
(2) >30 seconds indicates high fall risk
what score on the dynamic gait index (DGI) indicates an increased fall risk?
<19
what score on the functional reach test indicates an increased risk for falls?
<10 inches
what is the underlying physiological cause of PD?
progressive disease that depletes dopamine from substantia nigra in the basal ganglia
what are the hallmark signs of PD?
TRAP
Tremors, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural Instability
what are some early signs of PD? (3)
loss of sense of smell, constipation, and sleep disorders
what are the 5 stages of Hoehn & Yahr for PD?
I - UNILATERAL involvement
II - BILATERAL involvement (no balance impairment)
III - BALANCE impaired (can still live independently)
IV - REQUIRES ASSISTANCE (needs AD to ambulate)
V - bed bound or w/c bound
what is the gold standard drug therapy for PD?
Sinemet (Levodopa / Carbidopa)
what is the underlying physiological cause of Huntington’s disease?
neurodegenerative GENETIC disease; degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
what are the hallmark signs of Huntington’s disease?
(1) chorea: involuntary jerking or writhing
(2) dystonia
(3) leads to cognitive decline
what is the most common form of MS?
relapsing-remitting (70% of cases)
what are the 4 types of MS and how is each presentation?
(1) relapsing-remitting: attacks followed by periods of remission
(2) primary progressive: steady decrease in disability without any attacks
(3) secondary progressive: initially is relapsing-remitting then switches to progressive disability without attacks
(4) progressive-relapsing: steady decline with attacks (no periods of remission)
what are usually the first symptoms of MS?
visual impairments (such as optic neuritis, nystagmus, diplopia)
how do you determine if pupillary light reflexes are intact? what are posititve tests and what do they indicate?
if you shine a light in one eye, both should constrict (contralateral consensual response causes opposite eye to constrict)
(1) if light is shined in R eye, but it dilates the R oculomotor nerve is affected (and vice versa)
(2) if you shine a light in the R eye and both eyes dilate the optic nerve is affected
what is the most commonly reported symptom of MS? what should be avoided in patients with MS?
(1) fatigue
(2) exposure to excessive heat (can increase neurological s/s) as these patients are often heat sensitive
what time of day should a patient with MS exercise? why?
in the morning; decreased core body temperature and less fatigued
what is the underlying physiological cause of GBS?
demyelinating of spinal and peripheral nerves with rapid onset; LOWER motor neuron disorder